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Mental Disorders: Categories & Treatment

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The DSM/ICD categories of mental disorders and how they're treated.

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Mental disorder

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  1. 1Mental disorder
    A behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning, characterized by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior in a social context.
  2. 2Common symptoms of mental disorders
    Agitation, anxiety, depression, mania, paranoia, and psychosis.
  3. 3Common complications of mental disorders
    Cognitive impairment, social problems, and suicide.
  4. 4Main categories of mental disorders
    Anxiety disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders.
  5. 5Causes of mental disorders
    Often unclear - theories incorporate findings from various fields. Associated with particular brain regions/functions, involving both genetic and environmental factors.
  6. 6Common treatment options for mental disorders
    Psychotherapy, psychiatric medication, lifestyle changes, social interventions, peer support, and self-help.
  7. 7What medications are commonly used for mental disorders?
    Antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and stimulants.
  8. 8What two systems currently classify mental disorders?
    The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) produced by WHO, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) by the American Psychiatric Association.
  9. 9When was the DSM-5-TR released?
    2022.
  10. 10When did ICD-11 come into effect?
    January 1, 2022.
  11. 11How does DSM-IV define mental disorder?
    A psychological syndrome associated with distress, disability, increased risk of death, or significant loss of autonomy; excludes normal responses like grief and deviant behavior from societal reasons.
  12. 12How does DSM-5 define mental disorders?
    'A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.'
  13. 13Nervous breakdown
    An informal term used by the general population to mean a mental disorder, often referring to a specific acute time-limited reactive disorder with anxiety or depression, usually precipitated by external stressors.
  14. 14Is 'nervous breakdown' formally defined in medical systems?
    No - it has not been formally defined through systems like DSM-5 or ICD-10 and is nearly absent from scientific literature regarding mental illness.
  15. 15Edward Shorter's concept of 'nervous illness
    An illness of the entire body with five symptoms: mild depression, anxiety, fatigue, somatic pains, and obsessive thinking - an old-fashioned term that has gone out of use.
  16. 16Dimensional models in mental disorder classification
    Models proposed due to high comorbidity between disorders in categorical models - they identify latent factors or dimensions reflecting etiological processes.
  17. 17What two dimensions are identified in dimensional models?
    Internalizing disorders (mood or anxiety symptoms) and externalizing disorders (behavioral or substance use symptoms).
  18. 18P factor model
    A single general factor of psychopathology (similar to g factor for intelligence) that supports the internalizing-externalizing distinction plus a third dimension of thought disorders like schizophrenia.
  19. 19Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology
    A leading dimensional model for classifying mental disorders.
  20. 20Anxiety disorder
    Anxiety or fear that interferes with normal functioning.
  21. 21Commonly recognized anxiety disorders
    Specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
  22. 22Major depression also known as
    Unipolar or clinical depression - involving unusually intense and sustained sadness, melancholia, or despair.
  23. 23Dysthymia
    Milder, but still prolonged depression.
  24. 24Bipolar disorder also known as
    Manic depression - involving abnormally 'high' or pressured mood states (mania or hypomania) alternating with normal or depressed moods.
  25. 25Psychotic disorders
    Disorders where patterns of belief, language use, and perception of reality become dysregulated (delusions, thought disorder, hallucinations).
  26. 26What psychotic disorders are included in this domain?
    Schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and schizoaffective disorder (showing aspects of both schizophrenia and affective disorders).
  27. 27Schizotypy
    A category for individuals showing some characteristics associated with schizophrenia, but without meeting cutoff criteria.
  28. 28What defines a personality disorder?
    When fundamental characteristics of a person that influence thoughts and behaviors across situations and time are judged to be abnormally rigid and maladaptive.
  29. 29When do personality disorders generally emerge?
    In childhood, or at least by adolescence or early adulthood.
  30. 30What personality disorders are classed as eccentric?
    Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

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