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Clinical Psychology: Practice & Therapy Approaches

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What clinical psychologists do: assessment, diagnosis, and the major schools of psychotherapy.

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Clinical psychology

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1Clinical psychology
An integration of human science, behavioral science, theory, and clinical knowledge aimed at understanding, preventing, and relieving psychological distress or dysfunction as well as promoting well-being and personal growth
2Central practices of clinical psychology
Psychological assessment, diagnosis, clinical formulation, and psychotherapy; also includes research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development
3clinical psychology vs psychiatry
Clinical psychologists are experts in psychological assessment and treat disorders primarily through psychotherapy; psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe medication and use medical procedures
4Can clinical psychologists prescribe medication in the US?
Only in seven states with advanced specialty training: Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, Idaho, Colorado, and Utah
5Boulder Model
The scientist-practitioner model established in 1947 for PhD programs in clinical psychology, combining scientific research and clinical practice
6PsyD degree
Doctor of Psychology - a practice-oriented degree focusing on clinical practice rather than research, approved in 1973 at the Vail Conference
7What condition was identified in soldiers returning from World War II?
Shell shock (eventually termed post-traumatic stress disorder/PTSD), which was best treated as soon as possible
8Psychological assessment
An area of expertise where clinical psychologists use formal testing measures, interviews, records review, clinical observation, and physical examination to form hypotheses about psychological or behavioral problems
9What percentage of psychologists engage in psychological assessment?
As many as 91% of psychologists engage in this core clinical practice
10Three qualification levels for psychological assessment tools
Level A (open to anybody), Level B (requires master's degree and training), Level C (requires doctorate and specialized training)
11What do intelligence and achievement tests measure?
Specific kinds of cognitive functioning (IQ) in comparison to a norming group, including general knowledge, verbal skill, memory, attention span, logical reasoning, and visual/spatial perception
12Examples of intelligence tests
WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
13Two categories of personality tests
Objective tests (restricted answers like yes/no, true/false) and projective tests (open-ended answers based on ambiguous stimuli)
14Example of an objective personality test
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) - uses restricted answers that allow computation of scores compared to a normative group
15Example of a projective personality test
Rorschach inkblot test - allows for open-ended answers based on ambiguous stimuli
16What do neuropsychological tests assess?
Psychological functions linked to particular brain structures or pathways, typically to assess impairment after injury or illness affecting neurocognitive functioning
17What diagnostic manuals do clinical psychologists use?
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) in the US, and ICD-10 or ICD-11 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases) in many other countries
18Mental status examination
A formal psychiatric interview often used as a screening tool, examining general appearance, behavior, mood, perception, comprehension, orientation, insight, memory, and communication content
19Clinical prediction
Combining assessment data based on the clinician's judgment, current state of mind, and knowledge base - does not guarantee reliability as the same data may lead to different predictions
20Mechanical prediction
Combining data in an algorithmic fashion that makes exactly the same prediction for the same data every time - 100% reliable
21Psychotherapy
A formal relationship between professional and client that employs procedures to form a therapeutic alliance, explore psychological problems, and encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving
22Four major schools of practice in US clinical psychology
Psychodynamic, humanism, behavioral/cognitive behavioral therapy, and systems or family therapy
23Core object of psychoanalysis
To make the unconscious conscious - make the client aware of primal drives (sex and aggression) and the defenses used to keep them in check
24Transference in psychoanalysis
The tendency to take unconscious thoughts or emotions about a significant person (e.g., a parent) and 'transfer' them onto another person, such as the therapist
25Tools of the psychoanalytic process
Free association and examination of the client's transference towards the therapist
26Major variations of Freudian psychoanalysis practiced today
Self psychology, ego psychology, and object relations theory - now under the umbrella term 'psychodynamic psychology'
27Who developed person-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers (often referred to as Rogerian Therapy) in the 1950s
28What three things did Rogers believe a client needed from a clinician?
Congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding
29Who developed existential psychology?
Viktor Frankl and Rollo May
30Goal of humanistic psychology
To seek an integration of the whole person (self-actualization) and help individuals employ their inbuilt potentials and resources via the therapeutic relationship