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History of Psychology & Famous Psychologists

109 cards · 🇺🇸 English

How psychology became a science, and the researchers behind its landmark ideas.

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Psychology

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1Psychology
The scientific study of the mind and behavior, covering both conscious and unconscious phenomena, including thoughts, feelings, and motives in humans and animals.
2What does the word 'psychology' derive from?
Greek word 'psyche' (spirit or soul) and '-logia' (study or research).
3Who first used the term 'psychologia' and when?
Croatian humanist Marko Marulić in his book 'Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae' in the decade 1510-1520.
4Earliest known reference to psychology in English
By Steven Blankaart in 1694 in The Physical Dictionary, referring to 'Anatomy, which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the Soul.'
5How did William James define psychology in 1890?
'The science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions.'
6John B. Watson's behaviorist definition of psychology in 1913
A purely objective experimental branch of natural science whose theoretical goal 'is the prediction and control of behavior.'
7Folk psychology
The understanding of mental states and behaviors held by ordinary people, as contrasted with psychology professionals' understanding.
8What ancient Egyptian text mentioned depression and thought disorders?
The Ebers Papyrus.
9What did Hippocrates theorize about mental disorders in the 4th century BCE?
That mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes.
10What did Plato suggest in 387 BCE about mental processes?
That the brain is where mental processes take place.
11What did Aristotle suggest in 335 BC about mental processes?
That mental processes occurred in the heart.
12What Chinese text identifies the brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation?
The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine - which also includes personality theories based on yin-yang balance.
13What did Wang Qingren contribute to Chinese psychology?
Emphasized the brain as center of nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated dreams and insomnia, and advanced hemispheric lateralization theory.
14Central Hindu concept about the self
The distinction between a person's transient mundane self and their eternal, unchanging soul (Ātman), explored in the Upanishads.
15What did Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz argue about the mind?
That mental activity took place on an indivisible continuum, and the difference between conscious and unconscious awareness is only a matter of degree.
16Who identified psychology as its own science in 1732-1734?
Christian Wolff, writing Psychologia Empirica (1732) and Psychologia Rationalis (1734).
17Immanuel Kant's view on experimental psychology
He explicitly rejected the idea of experimental psychology, believing the empirical doctrine of the soul could never approach chemistry as a systematic art.
18Who was the first professor of psychology in the United States?
James McKeen Cattell, professor at University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University, co-founder of Psychological Review.
19What did Gustav Fechner establish in the 1830s?
Began psychophysics research in Leipzig, articulating that human perception of a stimulus varies logarithmically according to its intensity (Weber-Fechner law).
20Where did Wilhelm Wundt establish the first psychological laboratory?
At Leipzig University - the psychological laboratory that brought experimental psychology to the world.
21Wundt's approach to psychology
Focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components, motivated by an analogy to recent advances in chemistry.
22What did Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneer?
The experimental study of memory and developed quantitative models of learning and forgetting.
23Who co-founded Gestalt psychology and when?
Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka in the early 20th century.
24Main principle of Gestalt psychology
That individuals experience things as unified wholes - the whole of experience is important and is 'something else than the sum of its parts.'
25Who trained Yujiro Motora, who brought experimental psychology to Japan?
G. Stanley Hall, an American who studied with Wundt and founded an influential psychology lab at Johns Hopkins University.
26Who created structuralist psychology?
Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, who created the psychology program at Cornell University.
27Idea behind structuralism
To analyze and classify different aspects of the mind, primarily through the method of introspection.
28Who advanced the idea of functionalism in psychology?
William James, John Dewey, and Harvey Carr - an expansive approach that underlined the Darwinian idea of a behavior's usefulness to the individual.
29What famous concept did William James describe?
'Stream of consciousness' - described in his influential 1890 book 'The Principles of Psychology.'
30What learning process did Ivan Pavlov discover in dogs?
A learning process later termed 'classical conditioning,' which he then applied to human beings.