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Neuroscience: Brain Regions & Neurotransmitters

60 cards · 🇺🇸 English

The building blocks of the nervous system and how the brain communicates.

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Neuroscience

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  1. 1Neuroscience
    The scientific study of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions, and its disorders
  2. 2Neuron
    A specialized cell for communication, able to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals through synapses
  3. 3Synapse
    A specialized junction where electrical or electrochemical signals can be transmitted from one cell to another
  4. 4Axon
    A long thin filament extending from a neuron, capable of rapidly carrying electrical signals to distant parts of the body
  5. 5Dendrite
    A thin extension from a neuronal cell body, specialized to receive synaptic inputs from other neurons
  6. 6Who is considered the father of modern neuroscience?
    Santiago Ramón y Cajal, who won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his observations and descriptions of neurons
  7. 7Neuron doctrine
    The hypothesis that the functional unit of the brain is the neuron, proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal
  8. 8Neurotransmitter
    A chemical messenger that transmits signals across synapses from one neuron to another
  9. 9Two main divisions of the nervous system
    The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system
  10. 10How many neurons does the human brain contain?
    Around one hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion synapses
  11. 11Neuroplasticity
    The high degree of plasticity in the human brain, where structure of synapses and functions change throughout life
  12. 12Action potential
    An electrical signal initiated and propagated along a neuron's axon, modeled by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952
  13. 13Hodgkin-Huxley model
    A mathematical model for transmission of electrical signals in neurons, describing how action potentials are initiated and propagated
  14. 14Who developed the Golgi stain?
    Camillo Golgi, who developed a silver chromate salt staining procedure to reveal intricate structures of individual neurons in the 1890s
  15. 15Cerebral cortex
    The outer layer of the brain responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, perception, and voluntary movement
  16. 16Brodmann areas
    52 distinct regions of the cerebral cortex defined by Korbinian Brodmann in 1909 based on cellular structure
  17. 17Hippocampus
    A brain structure crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation
  18. 18Motor cortex
    The area of the cerebral cortex responsible for planning and executing voluntary movements
  19. 19Broca's area
    A brain region largely responsible for language production, discovered by Paul Broca
  20. 20Wernicke's area
    A brain area thought to be mostly responsible for language comprehension, discovered by Carl Wernicke
  21. 21Cortical homunculus
    A visual representation mapping body parts to their corresponding areas in the motor and sensory cortex, created by Wilder Penfield
  22. 22Neuroimaging
    Techniques to image the structure and function of the brain, such as fMRI, PET, and EEG
  23. 23FMRI
    Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - a technique measuring brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow
  24. 24EEG
    Electroencephalography - a technique recording electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp
  25. 25Blood-brain barrier
    A selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream while allowing essential nutrients to pass
  26. 26Glia
    Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that support, protect, and maintain neurons
  27. 27Neural circuit
    An interconnected group of neurons that work together to perform specific functions
  28. 28grey matter vs white matter
    Grey matter consists of neuron cell bodies; white matter consists of myelinated axons connecting different brain regions
  29. 29Myelin
    A fatty insulating sheath that wraps around axons, increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission
  30. 30Corpus callosum
    A large bundle of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain

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