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Development Theories: Piaget, Freud, Erikson & Kohlberg

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The classic stage theories of human development.

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Developmental psychology

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  1. 1Developmental psychology
    The scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives
  2. 2Three major dimensions studied in developmental psychology
    Physical development, cognitive development, and social-emotional development
  3. 3Who wrote 'Emile: Or, On Education' describing three stages of development?
    Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the mid-18th century
  4. 4Piaget's first stage of cognitive development
    Sensorimotor stage (birth to ~2 years)
  5. 5Piaget's second stage of cognitive development
    Pre-operational stage (~2-7 years)
  6. 6Piaget's third stage of cognitive development
    Concrete operational stage (~7-11 years)
  7. 7Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development
    Formal operational stage (11+ years)
  8. 8Conservation in Piaget's theory
    The understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance, typically mastered in the concrete operational stage
  9. 9Freud's five psychosexual stages
    Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
  10. 10Oral stage in Freud's theory
    Birth to ~1.5 years, where pleasure is derived from behaviors involving the mouth
  11. 11Anal stage in Freud's theory
    ~1.5 to 3 years, associated with toilet training and control
  12. 12Phallic stage in Freud's theory
    3 to 5 years, when the child becomes aware of sexual organs and the Oedipus/Electra complex occurs
  13. 13Latency stage in Freud's theory
    Age 5 until puberty, when sexual interests are repressed
  14. 14Genital stage in Freud's theory
    From puberty to adulthood, when mature sexual interests emerge
  15. 15Object permanence
    The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, typically developing in infancy
  16. 16Egocentrism in Piaget's theory
    The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's, characteristic of the pre-operational stage
  17. 17Animism in children's thinking
    The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
  18. 18Centration
    The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting other important features, typical in pre-operational thinking
  19. 19Reversibility in cognitive development
    The ability to mentally reverse operations, understanding that actions can be undone
  20. 20Concrete operational stage characterized by
    Logical thinking about concrete events and the ability to perform operations on tangible objects
  21. 21Formal operational thinking
    The ability to think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and solve problems systematically
  22. 22Moral development
    The process by which individuals develop concepts of right and wrong
  23. 23Who developed the stages of moral development?
    Lawrence Kohlberg, expanding on Piaget's work
  24. 24Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning
    Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional moral reasoning
  25. 25Pre-conventional moral reasoning
    Moral reasoning based on rewards and punishments, typical of children
  26. 26Conventional moral reasoning
    Moral reasoning based on rules and conventions of society, typical of late childhood and early adolescence
  27. 27Post-conventional moral reasoning
    Moral reasoning based on abstract principles, seeing society's rules as relative and subjective
  28. 28Freud's theory of psychosexual development based on
    The idea that humans behave as they do because they are constantly seeking pleasure, and this process changes through stages as people evolve.
  29. 29Freud's three personality structures
    Id (primitive, pleasure principle), ego (organized, realistic mediator), and superego (critical, moralizing role).
  30. 30Jean Piaget's view of how children learn
    That children learn by actively constructing knowledge through their interactions with their physical and social environments.

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