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Cognitive Biases & Heuristics

59 cards · 🇺🇸 English

The mental shortcuts and systematic errors that shape human judgment.

psychologycognitive-psychologybiasesheuristics

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Cognitive bias

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1Cognitive bias
A systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, creating a subjective reality that may dictate behavior
2Heuristic
A mental shortcut that provides swift estimates about uncertain occurrences, enabling faster decisions
3Representativeness heuristic
The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an occurrence by the extent to which it resembles a typical case
4Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events by how easy they are to recall from memory
5Anchoring heuristic
The tendency to rely heavily on the initial reference points (anchors) when making estimates or decisions
6Linda Problem
An experiment illustrating the representativeness heuristic and conjunction fallacy, where people judge a specific scenario as more likely than a general one
7Conjunction fallacy
The error of judging a specific condition as more probable than a general one that includes it
8Confirmation bias
The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions
9Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to overemphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors while under-emphasizing situational influences
10Hindsight bias
The tendency to view past events as being predictable, also called the 'I-knew-it-all-along' effect
11Self-serving bias
The tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than for failures
12Halo effect
The tendency for positive impressions in one area to influence evaluation in other areas
13Dunning-Kruger effect
The tendency for people with low ability to overestimate their competence
14Belief bias
The tendency to evaluate the logical strength of an argument based on belief in the conclusion rather than its logical validity
15Framing effect
When the same problem receives different responses depending on how it is described or presented
16Status quo bias
The tendency to prefer the current situation over alternatives, avoiding risk and loss
17Loss aversion
The tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains
18Sunk cost fallacy
Continuing a behavior because of previously invested resources (time, money, effort) rather than current and future value
19Overconfidence effect
The tendency to overly trust one's own capability to make correct decisions
20Planning fallacy
The tendency to underestimate the time, costs, and risks of future actions while overestimating benefits
21Mere exposure effect
The phenomenon where people develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
22Bandwagon effect
The tendency to do or believe things because many other people do or believe the same
23Groupthink
The tendency for group members to conform to consensus opinions, suppressing dissenting views
24Bystander effect
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when other people are present
25Cognitive dissonance
Mental discomfort from holding contradictory beliefs, values, or attitudes
26Bias blind spot
The tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people
27Illusion of control
The tendency to overestimate one's ability to control events
28Optimism bias
The tendency to believe that one is less likely to experience negative events compared to others
29Pessimism bias
The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes
30Recency effect
The tendency to weigh recent information more heavily than older information