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Memory, Attention & Cognitive Foundations

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How cognitive psychology explains memory, attention, and mental processing.

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Cognitive psychology

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1Cognitive psychology
The scientific study of mental processes such as attention, language, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning
2Three stages of memory
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
3Sensory memory
Memory storage that holds sensory information for a very brief period
4Short-term memory
Memory storage that holds information temporarily for analysis and retrieves information from long-term memory
5Long-term memory
Memory storage that holds information over an extended period of time
6Working memory
The ability to process and maintain temporary information in a wide range of activities in the face of distraction
7Capacity of short-term memory
7 plus or minus 2 items, as described by George Miller
8Serial position effect
The tendency to better recall items at the beginning and end of a list than those in the middle
9Primacy effect
Better recall of items at the beginning of a list
10Recency effect
Better recall of items at the end of a list
11Who studied the serial position effect?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
12Von Restorff effect
When an attention-grabbing word disrupts the typical U-shaped curve of the serial position effect
13Who created the Baddeley and Hitch model?
Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974 (updated 2000)
14What does the Baddeley and Hitch model account for?
Visual and auditory stimuli, long-term memory reference, and a central processor to combine and understand information
15Procedural memory
Memory for the performance of particular types of action, often activated subconsciously
16Semantic memory
Encyclopedic knowledge about the world, facts, and concepts
17Episodic memory
Memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated, temporal in nature
18Attention
A state of focused awareness on a subset of available sensation perception information
19Two major attentional systems
Exogenous control (bottom-up) and endogenous control (top-down)
20Exogenous control
Bottom-up attention responsible for orienting reflex and pop-out effects
21Endogenous control
Top-down attention that is more deliberate, responsible for divided attention and conscious processing
22Dichotic listening task
An experiment where participants wear headphones and try to discern meaningful conversation with different messages in each ear
23Cocktail party effect
The ability to attend to one conversation in the face of many distractions
24Perception
The cognitive process of interpreting sensory information from the physical senses
25Structuralism in psychology
An approach that attempted to reduce human thought into its most basic elements by understanding perception of stimuli
26Who was a pioneer of structuralism?
Edward B. Titchener
27What brain areas did Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discover?
Broca's area (language production) and Wernicke's area (language comprehension)
28Broca's aphasia
Language disorder resulting from damage to Broca's area, affecting language production
29Wernicke's aphasia
Language disorder resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, affecting language comprehension
30Metacognition
The thoughts a person has about their own thoughts, including self-regulation and understanding of capabilities