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Research Methods & Experimental Design

59 cards · 🇺🇸 English

How psychologists design studies, control variables, and reason about validity.

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Empirical research in psychology

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  1. 1Empirical research in psychology
    Research based on systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation to gather data and test hypotheses
  2. 2quantitative vs qualitative research
    Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis, while qualitative research uses non-numerical data like interviews, observations, and text analysis
  3. 3Independent variable
    The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable
  4. 4Dependent variable
    The variable that is measured or observed to see how it is affected by changes in the independent variable
  5. 5Confounding variable
    An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and could provide an alternative explanation for the results
  6. 6Random assignment
    A method of assigning participants to experimental conditions randomly to control for confounding variables
  7. 7Control group
    A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or manipulation, serving as a baseline for comparison
  8. 8Experimental group
    A group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation being studied
  9. 9Double-blind study
    An experimental design where neither participants nor researchers know who is in the experimental or control group, reducing bias
  10. 10Internal validity
    The extent to which a study accurately establishes a causal relationship between variables, free from confounding factors
  11. 11External validity
    The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings, populations, and time periods
  12. 12Correlational study
    A research method that examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them, showing association but not causation
  13. 13Correlation coefficient
    A statistical measure (ranging from -1 to +1) indicating the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables
  14. 14Why doesn't correlation imply causation?
    Because a relationship between two variables could be due to a third variable, reverse causation, or coincidence rather than a direct causal link
  15. 15Case study
    An in-depth examination of a single individual, group, or event, providing detailed qualitative information
  16. 16Naturalistic observation
    A research method where behavior is observed in its natural setting without manipulation or intervention
  17. 17Participant observation
    A research method where the researcher actively participates in the group or setting being studied
  18. 18Survey
    A research method that collects data from a large number of people using questionnaires or interviews
  19. 19Random sample
    A sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, improving generalizability
  20. 20Sampling bias
    A systematic error in sampling that results in a non-representative sample of the population
  21. 21Hypothesis
    A testable prediction about the relationship between variables, often derived from theory
  22. 22Null hypothesis
    The hypothesis that there is no relationship or effect between variables, which researchers aim to reject
  23. 23Statistical significance
    The likelihood that a research finding is not due to chance, typically indicated by a p-value less than 0.05
  24. 24Type I error
    A false positive - rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true
  25. 25Type II error
    A false negative - failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false
  26. 26Reliability in psychological research
    The consistency of a measure - the extent to which a test produces the same results under consistent conditions
  27. 27Validity in psychological research
    The accuracy of a measure - the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
  28. 28Test-retest reliability
    The consistency of a measure over time, assessed by administering the same test to the same people at different times
  29. 29Inter-rater reliability
    The degree of agreement between different observers or raters measuring the same behavior or phenomenon
  30. 30Construct validity
    The extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct or concept it is intended to measure

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