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Abnormal Psychology: History & Theoretical Models

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How the field of abnormal psychology emerged, its major disorders, and the therapy schools built to treat them.

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Abnormal psychology

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  1. 1Abnormal psychology
    The branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought that could possibly be understood as mental disorders
  2. 2adaptive vs maladaptive behaviors
    Adaptive behaviors are well-suited to one's environment; maladaptive behaviors suggest problems and inability to cope with stress
  3. 3Psychopathology
    The study of mental illness or disorders, often implying an underlying disease process
  4. 4Three main historical approaches to abnormal behavior
    Supernatural, biological, and psychological traditions
  5. 5Demonological method
    The supernatural tradition attributing abnormal behaviors to demons, spirits, or celestial influences
  6. 6Trepanning
    An ancient practice of cutting holes in the skull to release evil spirits thought to cause mental illness
  7. 7Hippocrates' humoral theory
    The belief that the body and mind become unwell when four vital fluids (humors) become unbalanced
  8. 8Four humors
    Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood
  9. 9Four temperaments
    Melancholic (too much black bile), choleric (yellow bile), phlegmatic (phlegm), and sanguine (blood)
  10. 10When was the first asylum established in England?
    1547, when King Henry VIII established St. Mary of Bethlehem (Bedlam) in London
  11. 11Who advocated for humanitarian treatment of mental patients in the late 18th century?
    Philippe Pinel in France
  12. 12What reform did Philippe Pinel introduce?
    Removing chains from patients and treating them with kindness rather than cruelty
  13. 13Who was Dorothea Dix?
    A 19th-century humanitarian who raised awareness about abuses of the mentally ill and raised funds to build new institutions
  14. 14Mental hygiene movement
    A movement promoting the physical well-being of mental patients
  15. 15How many patients were in state mental hospitals in the US by 1939?
    Over 400,000
  16. 16What book raised awareness about mental hospital conditions in 1946?
    'The Snake Pit' by Mary Jane Ward
  17. 17When was the National Institute of Mental Health created?
    1946
  18. 18Deinstitutionalization
    The movement starting in the 1960s to close large mental hospitals and provide community-based care instead
  19. 19What percent drop in psychiatric hospital patients occurred in the US over 40 years?
    About 90 percent
  20. 20Schizophrenia
    A disorder causing extreme loss of touch with reality, manifesting through delusions and hallucinations
  21. 21ADHD
    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - characterized by high amounts of inattention and hyperactive impulsiveness
  22. 22Antisocial personality disorder
    A cluster of personality traits including callousness, deceitfulness, lack of remorse, and manipulation that violate others' rights
  23. 23Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
    A disorder where one individual has multiple personalities, each with their own consciousness
  24. 24Two main etiologies of DID
    Post-traumatic model (caused by inescapable trauma) and socio-cognitive model (implicit role-playing aligned with cultural norms)
  25. 25Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
    An intense fear of social situations stemming from the belief that one will be evaluated negatively or embarrassed
  26. 26Generalized anxiety disorder
    A constant, chronic state of worry and anxiety related to many situations that is difficult to control
  27. 27Specific phobias
    Extreme fear and avoidance of particular objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable
  28. 28Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
    Physical and mental distress related to past traumatic experiences, including nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance, and hypervigilance
  29. 29DSM-5
    The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition - the primary classification system for mental disorders in North America
  30. 30What three key elements define a mental disorder in the DSM-5?
    1) Disturbances in behavior/thoughts/emotions, 2) Personal distress or impairment, 3) Internal dysfunction with biological/psychological roots

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