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Metabolism & Energy

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Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, enzymes and ATP.

biologymetabolismbiochemistry

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Photosynthesis

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  1. 1Photosynthesis
    Process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
  2. 2Overall equation for photosynthesis
    6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
  3. 3What organisms perform photosynthesis?
    Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
  4. 4Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
    In chloroplasts
  5. 5Chloroplasts
    Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place
  6. 6Two main stages of photosynthesis
    Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
  7. 7Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
    In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
  8. 8Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
    In the stroma (fluid) of chloroplasts
  9. 9Chlorophyll
    Green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy
  10. 10Why do plants appear green?
    Because chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light
  11. 11Thylakoids
    Flattened disc-shaped structures inside chloroplasts where light reactions occur
  12. 12Granum
    Stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast
  13. 13Stroma
    Fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids in chloroplasts
  14. 14What happens during light-dependent reactions?
    Light energy is converted to ATP and NADPH; water is split, releasing O₂
  15. 15Photolysis
    Splitting of water molecules using light energy (produces O₂, H⁺, and electrons)
  16. 16Products of light-dependent reactions
    ATP, NADPH, and oxygen
  17. 17Photosystem I and Photosystem II
    Protein complexes in thylakoid membranes that capture light energy
  18. 18Z-scheme
    The pathway of electron flow through photosystems II and I
  19. 19Electron transport chain in photosynthesis
    Series of proteins that transfer electrons and pump protons to create ATP
  20. 20ATP synthase
    Enzyme that produces ATP using the proton gradient
  21. 21NADPH
    Energy carrier molecule produced in light reactions, used in Calvin cycle
  22. 22Calvin cycle
    Light-independent reactions that fix CO₂ into glucose using ATP and NADPH
  23. 23Carbon fixation
    Process of incorporating CO₂ from the atmosphere into organic molecules
  24. 24What enzyme catalyzes carbon fixation?
    RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)
  25. 25Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
    5-carbon sugar that combines with CO₂ during carbon fixation
  26. 26Product of carbon fixation
    Two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-carbon compound)
  27. 27G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)
    3-carbon sugar produced in Calvin cycle; used to make glucose
  28. 28How many CO₂ molecules are needed to make one glucose?
    Six CO₂ molecules
  29. 29C4 plants
    Plants with special carbon fixation mechanism to minimize photorespiration (e.g., corn, sugarcane)
  30. 30CAM plants
    Plants that fix CO₂ at night to conserve water (e.g., cacti)

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