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Cell Biology: Organelles, Processes & Division

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Cells, organelles and the processes of cell division.

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Basic unit of life

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  1. 1Basic unit of life
    The cell
  2. 2Two main types of cells
    Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  3. 3Cell theory
    All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells
  4. 4Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic: nucleus
    Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus; eukaryotes have one
  5. 5Plasma membrane
    A phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters and exits the cell
  6. 6Cytoplasm
    The jelly-like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended
  7. 7Nucleus
    The control center of the cell containing DNA
  8. 8Nucleolus
    A dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced
  9. 9Ribosomes
    Organelles that synthesize proteins from mRNA
  10. 10Where are ribosomes found?
    Free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
  11. 11Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis
  12. 12Rough ER vs. Smooth ER
    Rough ER has ribosomes (protein synthesis); Smooth ER lacks ribosomes (lipid synthesis, detoxification)
  13. 13Golgi apparatus
    An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport
  14. 14Lysosomes
    Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down waste
  15. 15Peroxisomes
    Organelles that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances
  16. 16Mitochondria
    The 'powerhouses' of the cell; produce ATP through cellular respiration
  17. 17Mitochondria: structure
    Double membrane: outer membrane and highly folded inner membrane (cristae)
  18. 18Mitochondrial matrix
    The innermost compartment where the citric acid cycle occurs
  19. 19Do mitochondria have their own DNA?
    Yes, circular DNA (supports endosymbiotic theory)
  20. 20Chloroplasts
    Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs
  21. 21Chloroplast: structure
    Double membrane, contains thylakoids (stacked into grana) and stroma
  22. 22Cytoskeleton
    A network of protein filaments providing structural support and facilitating movement
  23. 23Three types of cytoskeletal fibers
    Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
  24. 24Microfilaments
    Thin actin fibers involved in cell shape and muscle contraction
  25. 25Microtubules
    Hollow tubes made of tubulin; form spindle fibers during cell division
  26. 26Centrioles
    Paired cylindrical structures that organize microtubules during cell division (in animal cells)
  27. 27Cilia
    Short, hair-like projections that move substances across cell surfaces
  28. 28Flagella
    Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement (e.g., sperm)
  29. 29Cell wall
    A rigid outer layer in plant cells made of cellulose (provides support)
  30. 30Vacuole
    A large membrane-bound sac in plant cells for storage, waste, and turgor pressure

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