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Taxonomy & Invertebrates

123 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Classification of life's major phyla, with a focus on insects.

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Taxonomy in biology

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  1. 1Taxonomy in biology
    The scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing), and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics
  2. 2What does the word 'taxonomy' derive from?
    Ancient Greek: taxis (arrangement) and -nomia (method)
  3. 3Taxon
    A group of organisms at a specific taxonomic rank (plural: taxa)
  4. 4Taxonomic hierarchy
    Groups of a given rank aggregated to form more inclusive groups of higher rank, creating a hierarchical structure
  5. 5Principal taxonomic ranks in modern use
    Domain, kingdom, phylum (or division), class, order, family, genus, and species
  6. 6Linnaean taxonomy
    A ranked system developed by Carl Linnaeus for categorizing organisms, which has transformed to reflect evolutionary relationships
  7. 7Systematic biology
    The field that provides scientific names, describes organisms, preserves collections, provides classifications and keys, investigates evolutionary histories, and considers environmental adaptations
  8. 8Alpha taxonomy
    Primarily refers to the discipline of finding, describing, and naming taxa, particularly species
  9. 9Beta taxonomy according to Ernst Mayr
    The classification of ranks higher than species, defined by Mayr in 1968
  10. 10Microtaxonomy
    The scientific work of deciding how to define species; addressing the species problem
  11. 11Macrotaxonomy
    The study of groups at higher taxonomic ranks (subgenus and above), or clades including more than one species
  12. 12How did Aristotle classify beings?
    By their parts or attributes, such as having live birth, four legs, laying eggs, having blood, or being warm-bodied
  13. 13Anhaima and Enhaima
    Aristotle's groups: Anhaima (animals without blood, invertebrates) and Enhaima (animals with blood, roughly vertebrates)
  14. 14What plant genera can be traced back to Theophrastus?
    Cornus, Crocus, and Narcissus, among others
  15. 15Great chain of being
    A philosophical concept in Western scholastic tradition of an existential order of creatures, ultimately deriving from Aristotle
  16. 16Scala naturae
    The Natural Ladder; Aristotle's idea of arranging the complete world in a single continuum
  17. 17Cesalpino's magnum opus
    De Plantis (1583), describing more than 1,500 plant species
  18. 18What plant families did Cesalpino first recognize?
    The Asteraceae and Brassicaceae
  19. 19John Ray's greatest accomplishment
    Methodus Plantarum Nova (1682), publishing details of over 18,000 plant species based on many combined characters
  20. 20Revolutionary about Linnaeus's work
    He implemented a standardized binomial naming system for animal and plant species, with standards for class, order, genus, and species
  21. 21Pre-Linnaean names
    Names published before 1753/1758 that are not considered valid, with rare exceptions like spiders in Svenska Spindlar
  22. 22What did early 'artificial systems' of classification include?
    Arbitrary criteria like Linnaeus's system of sexual classification for plants
  23. 23'natural systems' of classification
    Systems based on more complete consideration of taxa characteristics, like those of de Jussieu (1789), de Candolle (1813), and Bentham and Hooker (1862–1863)
  24. 24Cladistic method
    A classification method that emerged in the 1960s based on the sole criterion of monophyly, supported by synapomorphies
  25. 25Monophyletic taxon
    A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestral form
  26. 26Paraphyletic group
    A group that has descendant groups removed from it
  27. 27Polyphyletic group
    A group representing more than one branch from the tree of life
  28. 28Synapomorphies
    Shared derived character states used to recognize and diagnose monophyletic groups
  29. 29PhyloCode
    The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, an alternative system that regulates the formal naming of clades
  30. 30Main characteristic of the three-domain method
    The separation of Archaea and Bacteria (previously grouped into kingdom Bacteria/Monera), with Eukaryota for organisms with a nucleus

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