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Genetics: Molecular Basis

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DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, gene expression and genetic disorders.

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DNA

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  1. 1DNA
    Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that contains genetic information
  2. 2Gene
    A stretch of DNA sequence that codes for a specific trait or protein
  3. 3Three components of a nucleotide
    A sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
  4. 4Four DNA bases
    Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)
  5. 5Base pairing rules in DNA
    A pairs with T, C pairs with G (via hydrogen bonds)
  6. 6Structure of DNA
    Double helix (twisted ladder shape) with two antiparallel strands
  7. 7Sugar-phosphate backbone
    The outer structure of DNA strands formed by phosphodiester bonds between sugars and phosphates
  8. 8Chromosomes
    DNA wrapped around histone proteins, forming structures that carry genetic information
  9. 9Histones
    Proteins that provide structural support for DNA by forming nucleosomes
  10. 10Chromatin
    DNA combined with proteins (histones), forming the material of chromosomes
  11. 11Genome
    The complete set of DNA in an organism (all chromosomes)
  12. 12RNA
    Ribonucleic acid; a single-stranded molecule similar to DNA
  13. 13Differences between DNA and RNA
    RNA: single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, uses uracil instead of thymine
  14. 14Four RNA bases
    Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)
  15. 15Three main types of RNA
    Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)
  16. 16Messenger RNA (mRNA)
    RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis
  17. 17Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
    RNA component of ribosomes; helps catalyze protein synthesis
  18. 18Transfer RNA (tRNA)
    RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation
  19. 19Transcription
    Process of copying a DNA sequence into an RNA molecule
  20. 20Where does transcription occur?
    In the nucleus (in eukaryotes)
  21. 21What enzyme performs transcription?
    RNA polymerase
  22. 22Template strand
    The DNA strand that RNA polymerase reads to synthesize RNA (3' to 5')
  23. 23Translation
    Process of using mRNA to synthesize a protein (amino acid sequence)
  24. 24Where does translation occur?
    At ribosomes (in the cytoplasm in eukaryotes)
  25. 25Codon
    A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
  26. 26How many codons are there?
    64 possible codons (4³ combinations)
  27. 27How many amino acids do codons code for?
    20 amino acids (plus stop signals)
  28. 28Start codon
    AUG (codes for methionine); signals the start of translation
  29. 29Stop codons
    UAA, UAG, UGA; signal the end of translation
  30. 30Genetic code
    The set of rules by which nucleotide triplets (codons) specify amino acids

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