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Indian History: Mughal Empire to Independence

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The Mughal Empire, British colonial rule and Indian independence.

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When did anatomically modern humans arrive in the Indian subcontinent?

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1When did anatomically modern humans arrive in the Indian subcontinent?
Between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago
2When did the Indus Valley Civilisation flourish?
Between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwestern India
3What caused the Indus Valley population to scatter?
Persistent drought around 1800-1500 BCE caused people to move from large urban centers to villages
4When did Indo-Aryan tribes move into India?
Around 1800-1500 BCE, moving into Punjab from Central Asia
5What was the Vedic Period?
1500-500 BCE period of Vedic people in northern India, marked by composition of the Vedas
6What was the varna system?
Social stratification system that evolved into the present-day Jāti (caste) system
7What were janapadas?
Small realms that later consolidated into mahajanapadas (great states) around 600 BCE
8When did Jainism and Buddhism rise?
Around 600 BCE during the second urbanization period
9What was Hindu synthesis?
Buddhism was synthesized with preexisting religious cultures, giving rise to Hinduism
10Who founded the Maurya Empire?
Chandragupta Maurya, who overthrew the Nanda Empire
11Who was Ashoka?
Mauryan emperor known for the violent Kalinga War, then accepting Buddhism and spreading nonviolence
12When did the Maurya Empire collapse?
185 BCE with the assassination of emperor Brihadratha by his general Pushyamitra Shunga
13What was the Shunga Empire?
Empire founded by Pushyamitra Shunga after assassinating the last Mauryan emperor
14What were the Indo-Greek Kingdoms?
Kingdoms founded by Greco-Bactrians in the Northwest, later replaced by Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians, and Kushans
15What was the Gupta Empire?
Empire from Greater Magadha (4th-6th centuries CE) that reunified regions, known as the Classical or Golden Age of India
16What is Greater India?
Region where Indian civilization, culture, and religion spread throughout Asia, establishing Indianised kingdoms
17Who were the Huna people?
Invaders who caused the gradual decline of the Gupta Empire
18Who was Yashodharman?
Regional ruler who checked Huna invasions, supported by the Later Guptas
19Who was Harsha?
Ruler who checked Huna invasions after the Later Guptas
20What was the Tripartite struggle?
7th-11th century conflict centered on Kannauj, resulting in Pratihara victory
21What was the Chola dynasty's achievement?
Conquered southern India in the 11th century
22What was Indian mathematics' influence?
Hindu numerals influenced Arab mathematics and led to creation of Hindu-Arabic numeral system
23When did Islamic conquests reach India?
Made limited inroads into Afghanistan and Sindh as early as 8th century
24Who was Mahmud Ghazni?
Muslim conqueror who invaded India after 8th century Islamic conquests
25When was the Delhi Sultanate established?
1206 by Central Asian Turks
26Who were the Tughlaqs?
Indo-Turkic dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate
27Who was Timur?
Conqueror whose late 14th century invasions caused the Delhi Sultanate's decline
28What were the Deccan sultanates?
Five sultanates that emerged after the Bahmani Sultanate split in 1518
29What was the Bengal Sultanate?
Wealthy sultanate that emerged as a major power, lasting over three centuries
30What was the Vijayanagara Empire?
Strong Hindu kingdom that played significant role in shaping cultural and political landscape