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Middle Eastern History: Ancient Persia to Modern

76 cards · 🇺🇸 English

From the Persian Empire through Islamic conquests to the modern Middle East.

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What was the Middle East's role in civilization?

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  1. 1What was the Middle East's role in civilization?
    One of the cradles of civilization after the Neolithic Revolution; many of world's oldest cultures and civilizations created there
  2. 2What lingua francas existed in the ancient Middle East?
    Akkadian, Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Arabic
  3. 3Who were the Sumerians?
    Among the first to develop civilization around the 5th millennium BC
  4. 4When did Egyptian civilization unify?
    By 3150 BC under its first pharaoh
  5. 5What was Mesopotamia known for?
    Hosted powerful empires, notably Assyria which lasted 1,500 years
  6. 6What Persian powers dominated the region?
    After 7th century BC, Persian powers like the Achaemenid Empire dominated for centuries
  7. 7When did Rome conquer the region?
    1st century BC, with Roman Republic conquering most of the region
  8. 8What was the Byzantine Empire?
    Successor to Roman Empire (6th-15th centuries AD) that grew significantly more
  9. 9When were Roman pagan religions replaced?
    By Christianity in the 4th century AD
  10. 10What was the Sasanian Empire?
    Empire that ruled alongside Rome from 3rd to 7th centuries
  11. 11When did Islam spread?
    From the 7th century, spreading rapidly and expanding Arab identity
  12. 12Who displaced Arab dominance?
    The Seljuk dynasty in the 11th century
  13. 13What empire conquered in the 13th century?
    The Mongol Empire
  14. 14When did the Ottoman Empire invade?
    15th century, invading most of Anatolia and capturing Constantinople in 1453
  15. 15Who were the Ottomans' rivals?
    The Safavid dynasty from early 16th century
  16. 16When were Ottomans pushed out of Hungary?
    By 1700
  17. 17Which country first fully colonized a Middle Eastern country?
    Portugal colonized Bahrain in 1521, making it the first Middle Eastern country fully colonized by a European power
  18. 18How did Britain gain control?
    Portuguese colonization opened pathways for British Empire to gain control over Persian Gulf in 18th-19th centuries
  19. 19What areas did France colonize?
    French colonial empire extended into Lebanon and Syria
  20. 20When was oil first discovered in Persia?
    1908, followed by Bahrain in 1932
  21. 21What happened in 1948?
    Israel became an independent Jewish state
  22. 22When did Western powers withdraw?
    British, French, and Soviets withdrew during and after World War II
  23. 23What was the 1947 UN plan?
    United Nations plan to partition Palestine, voted in favor for a Jewish homeland
  24. 24What emerged during the Cold War?
    Pan-Arabism emerged amid Cold War tensions
  25. 25What shaped the modern Middle East?
    End of European colonial control, establishment of Israel, and rise of petroleum industry
  26. 26What challenges faced the region?
    Political restrictions, corruption, cronyism, and overreliance on oil despite economic growth
  27. 27Which are the wealthiest Middle Eastern countries?
    Small oil-rich Gulf states: Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, and United Arab Emirates
  28. 28What was the Six-Day War?
    1967 war that shaped the modern Middle East
  29. 29What was the 1973 OPEC oil embargo?
    Embargo in response to US support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War
  30. 30What was the rise of Salafism/Wahhabism?
    Rise in Saudi Arabia that led to rise of Islamism

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