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Ottoman Empire

50 cards · 🇺🇸 English

The rise, height and fall of the Ottoman Empire.

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When did the Ottoman Empire exist?

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  1. 1When did the Ottoman Empire exist?
    Approximately 1299 to 1922, spanning over 600 years
  2. 2Who founded the Ottoman Empire?
    Osman I (d. 1323/4), a Turkish tribal leader in northwestern Anatolia
  3. 3What does the term 'Ottoman' mean?
    It derives from the name of Osman I, the empire's founder; originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the 14th century
  4. 4What was the official Ottoman name for the empire?
    Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOs̱mānīye (Sublime Ottoman State) or simply Devlet-i ʿOsmānīye (Ottoman State)
  5. 5What was the Ottoman Empire's motto?
    Devlet-i Ebed-müddet, meaning 'The Eternal State'
  6. 6What were the main capitals of the Ottoman Empire?
    Söğüt (c. 1299-1331), Nicaea (1331-1335), Bursa (1335-1360s), Adrianople/Edirne (1360s-1453), and Constantinople/Istanbul (1453-1922)
  7. 7When did the Ottomans conquer Constantinople?
    May 29, 1453, under Sultan Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror)
  8. 8What empire did the Ottomans end with the conquest of Constantinople?
    The Byzantine Empire
  9. 9What regions did the Ottoman Empire control at its peak?
    Southeast Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and parts of southeastern Central Europe
  10. 10What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire?
    Ottoman Turkish, though Arabic, Persian, Greek, and many other languages were also used
  11. 11What was the official religion of the Ottoman Empire?
    Sunni Islam (Hanafi school), though the empire granted autonomy to various religious communities
  12. 12What was the millet system?
    A system granting varying levels of autonomy to confessional communities to manage their own affairs per Islamic law
  13. 13Who was Suleiman the Magnificent?
    Sultan from 1520-1566 during the Ottoman Empire's golden age, when it became a global power
  14. 14What territories did Suleiman the Magnificent conquer?
    Belgrade (1521), much of the Kingdom of Hungary, established Ottoman rule in Iraq, and laid siege to Vienna (1529)
  15. 15What was the Battle of Mohács (1526)?
    A historic Ottoman victory over Hungary that established Ottoman rule in present-day Hungary and Central European territories
  16. 16What was the significance of Selim I's reign (1512-1520)?
    He expanded eastern and southern frontiers, defeated Safavid Iran at the Battle of Chaldiran, established Ottoman rule in Egypt, and adopted the title of Caliph
  17. 17What was the Ottoman Caliphate?
    The Islamic title of Caliph adopted by Ottoman Sultans after Selim I's conquests, lasting from 1517 to 1924
  18. 18What was the maximum territorial extent of the Ottoman Empire?
    Approximately 5,200,000 km² (2,000,000 square miles) in 1683
  19. 19What battle is considered to mark the beginning of Ottoman decline?
    The Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, though the empire remained powerful into the 18th century
  20. 20What were the Anatolian Beyliks?
    Independent Turkish principalities that emerged as the Rum Sultanate declined in the 13th century; the Ottoman beylik was one of these
  21. 21What was the Battle of Bapheus (1302)?
    An early Ottoman victory over the Byzantines that contributed to Osman I's rise
  22. 22What was the Ottoman Interregnum?
    A civil war from 1402-1413 following Timur's defeat of Sultan Bayezid I, when his sons fought over succession
  23. 23Who was Mehmed the Conqueror?
    Sultan Mehmed II who reorganized the state and military and conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire
  24. 24What was the Ottoman Empire's government system?
    Primarily a unitary absolute monarchy, with brief periods of parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1876-1878, 1908-1920)
  25. 25Who was the Grand Vizier?
    The Ottoman Empire's chief minister and the Sultan's deputy, heading the imperial administration
  26. 26What were the Janissaries?
    An elite infantry unit and the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, originally recruited through the devshirme system from Christian families
  27. 27What was the Tanzimat?
    A period of reforms in the 19th century under Mahmud II that reorganized the Ottoman state along Western lines, making it more powerful internally
  28. 28What was the First Constitutional Era?
    A brief period of constitutional monarchy from 1876-1878 following the 1876 Ottoman Revolution
  29. 29What was the Second Constitutional Era?
    A constitutional monarchy period from 1908-1920, established after the Young Turk Revolution
  30. 30Who were the Young Turks?
    Ottoman intellectuals in the late 19th/early 20th century who sought to liberalize and modernize society along Western lines

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