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Chinese Dynasties & Emperors

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China's imperial dynasties, from the Xia to the fall of the Qing.

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Who initiated dynastic rule in China?

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  1. 1Who initiated dynastic rule in China?
    Yu the Great around 2070 BC, founding the Xia dynasty
  2. 2When did dynastic rule end in China?
    1912 with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor (Puyi)
  3. 3What were conquest dynasties?
    Dynasties founded by non-Han peoples throughout Chinese history
  4. 4What was the longest-reigning orthodox dynasty?
    The Zhou dynasty, ruling about 790 years (Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou combined)
  5. 5What was the largest Chinese dynasty by territory?
    Either the Yuan dynasty or the Qing dynasty, depending on the source
  6. 6What does 'Tiāncháo' mean?
    'Celestial Dynasty' or 'Heavenly Dynasty' - a self-reference used by Chinese dynasties
  7. 7What does the character 朝 (cháo) mean?
    Originally 'morning' or 'today', extended to mean the regime of the incumbent ruler and 'dynasty'
  8. 8What was jiā tiānxià?
    'All under Heaven belongs to the ruling family' - concept where throne was inherited by male line
  9. 9What was gōng tiānxià?
    'All under Heaven belongs to the public' - pre-Xia leadership succession based on abdication system
  10. 10What was the Predynastic Zhou?
    State of Zhou that existed during Shang dynasty before conquering Shang and establishing Zhou dynasty
  11. 11What was the dynastic cycle?
    Explanation for rise and fall of dynasties, attributing success/failure to rulers' morality and tangible aspects
  12. 12What were the two ways of dynastic transition?
    Military conquest and usurpation
  13. 13What was the Mandate of Heaven?
    Doctrine from which political legitimacy was derived; dynasties claimed this mandate
  14. 14When was the Qing dynasty officially proclaimed?
    1636 by Emperor Taizong of Qing through renaming the Later Jin established in 1616
  15. 15When did the Ming dynasty truly end?
    The Southern Ming ruled until 1662, though Ming fell to Qing in 1644
  16. 16What was the Kingdom of Tungning?
    Ming loyalist kingdom based in Taiwan that opposed the Qing until 1683
  17. 17What was the Shun dynasty?
    Short-lived dynasty proclaimed by Li Zicheng during the Ming-Qing transition
  18. 18What was the Xi dynasty?
    Short-lived dynasty proclaimed by Zhang Xianzhong during the Ming-Qing transition
  19. 19What was the 'two crownings, three respects' system?
    System where remnants of previous dynasties were granted noble titles by new dynasty
  20. 20What were the Twenty-Four Histories?
    Traditional histories compiled by each new dynasty about the preceding dynasty
  21. 21Who was the last legitimate monarch of China?
    The Xuantong Emperor (Puyi), whose abdication on February 12, 1912 ended the dynastic system
  22. 22What was the Empire of China (1915-1916)?
    Yuan Shikai's attempt to restore monarchy, which sparked the National Protection War and collapsed after 101 days
  23. 23What was the Manchu Restoration?
    Unsuccessful 1917 attempt to revive the Qing dynasty, lasting only 11 days
  24. 24What was Manchukuo?
    1932-1945 Japanese puppet state not regarded as legitimate regime
  25. 25How long did Chinese dynastic rule last?
    Almost four millennia from c. 2070 BC to 1912 AD
  26. 26What was the Mandate of Heaven's role in legitimacy?
    Dynasties claimed divine right to rule; losing the mandate justified rebellion and new dynasty
  27. 27What was the Hua-Yi distinction?
    Concept distinguishing between Han Chinese and 'barbarian' peoples, used to challenge non-Han dynasties' legitimacy
  28. 28What does zhèngtǒng mean?
    'Legitimate' or 'orthodox' - term for dynasties considered legitimate; illegitimate ones called guó (state/kingdom)
  29. 29Which dynasty was legitimate during Three Kingdoms?
    Cao Wei directly succeeded Eastern Han; Western Jin accepted Cao Wei; later scholars debated Shu Han's claim
  30. 30How did dynasties during Northern/Southern dynasties view each other?
    Northern dynasties called southern 'island dwelling barbarians'; southern called northern 'barbarians with braids'

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