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Thermodynamics & Fluid Mechanics

105 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Heat, entropy and the behavior of fluids.

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Thermodynamics

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  1. 1Thermodynamics
    The branch of physics dealing with heat, work, temperature, and the relationships between different forms of energy
  2. 2Temperature
    A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
  3. 3Heat
    Energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference
  4. 4Thermal energy
    The total internal kinetic energy of particles in a substance due to their random motion
  5. 5heat vs temperature
    Temperature measures average kinetic energy per particle; heat is the total energy transferred due to temperature difference
  6. 6Three main temperature scales
    Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K)
  7. 7Absolute zero
    0 Kelvin (-273.15°C), the lowest possible temperature where particles have minimum kinetic energy
  8. 8SI unit of temperature
    Kelvin (K)
  9. 9Zeroth law of thermodynamics
    If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other
  10. 10Thermal equilibrium
    The state when two objects in contact have the same temperature and no net heat flow occurs between them
  11. 11First law of thermodynamics
    Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed; ΔU = Q - W (change in internal energy equals heat added minus work done)
  12. 12What does ΔU represent in thermodynamics?
    The change in internal energy of a system
  13. 13What does Q represent in thermodynamics?
    Heat added to the system (positive when heat enters the system)
  14. 14What does W represent in thermodynamics?
    Work done by the system (positive when the system does work on surroundings)
  15. 15Second law of thermodynamics
    The entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat naturally flows from hot to cold, not the reverse
  16. 16Entropy
    A measure of disorder or randomness in a system; higher entropy means greater disorder
  17. 17Symbol for entropy
    S
  18. 18Third law of thermodynamics
    As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero
  19. 19Isolated system in thermodynamics
    A system that exchanges neither energy nor matter with its surroundings
  20. 20Closed system in thermodynamics
    A system that can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings
  21. 21Open system in thermodynamics
    A system that can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings
  22. 22Adiabatic process
    A process where no heat is exchanged with the surroundings (Q = 0)
  23. 23Isothermal process
    A process that occurs at constant temperature (ΔT = 0)
  24. 24Isobaric process
    A process that occurs at constant pressure
  25. 25Isochoric (isovolumetric) process
    A process that occurs at constant volume
  26. 26Specific heat capacity
    The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C (or 1 K)
  27. 27Heat capacity
    The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1°C (or 1 K)
  28. 28Formula for heat transfer
    Q = mcΔT, where m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is temperature change
  29. 29Three methods of heat transfer
    Conduction, convection, and radiation
  30. 30Conduction
    Heat transfer through direct contact between particles in a material

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