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Plant Biology

90 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Plant structure, function and reproduction.

biologybotany

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Botany

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  1. 1Botany
    The branch of natural science and biology that studies plants, especially their anatomy, taxonomy, and ecology. Also called phytology or plant science.
  2. 2Two major works of Theophrastus
    Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants, which were the most important contributions to botanical science until the Middle Ages
  3. 3From what Greek word does 'botany' derive?
    From botanē (βοτάνη) meaning 'pasture', 'herbs', 'grass', or 'fodder', which derives from boskein meaning 'to feed' or 'to graze'
  4. 4How many species of land plants do botanists study?
    Approximately 410,000 species, including about 391,000 vascular plants (of which 369,000 are flowering plants) and 20,000 bryophytes
  5. 5Binomial system of nomenclature
    A two-part naming scheme established by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 where the first name represents the genus and the second identifies the species within the genus
  6. 6First botanical garden still in its original location
    The Padua botanical garden, established in 1545 in Italy
  7. 7Three German fathers of botany
    Leonhart Fuchs (physician), Otto Brunfels (theologian), and Hieronymus Bock (physician), all from the 16th century
  8. 8Photosynthesis
    A process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars (chemical energy) and releases oxygen as a by-product
  9. 9Embryophytes
    Land plants that are multicellular eukaryotes descended from an ancestor that obtained energy from sunlight by photosynthesis, including seed plants and free-sporing cryptogams
  10. 10Gametophyte
    The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes that nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues
  11. 11Alternation of generations
    A life cycle characteristic of embryophytes with alternating haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) phases
  12. 12Chloroplasts thought to be descended from
    Cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors
  13. 13What pigment gives chloroplasts their characteristic color?
    Chlorophyll a, a blue-green pigment that absorbs blue-violet and orange/red light while reflecting green light
  14. 14Two chlorophyll types in plants
    Chlorophyll a (found in all photosynthetic organisms with chloroplasts) and chlorophyll b (specific to plants and green algae)
  15. 15Calvin cycle
    The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis where the enzyme rubisco uses ATP and NADPH to produce glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) from CO2
  16. 16First product of photosynthesis
    Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), a 3-carbon sugar from which glucose and almost all other organic molecules are synthesized
  17. 17Characteristic energy store of most land plants
    Starch, stored in chloroplasts; while inulin (a polymer of fructose) is used by the sunflower family Asteraceae
  18. 18Rubisco
    The enzyme in the Calvin cycle responsible for fixing CO2 to produce glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during photosynthesis
  19. 19Two temporary energy carriers produced in the light-dependent reactions
    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH, which store and transport energy for use in the Calvin cycle
  20. 20Cellulose
    The world's most abundant organic polymer, a polysaccharide that is a major component of plant cell walls
  21. 21Lignin
    A polymer used to strengthen secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to prevent collapse under water stress; also a major constituent of wood
  22. 22Sporopollenin
    A chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen, responsible for their survival in the fossil record
  23. 23Three main polysaccharides of plant cell walls
    Cellulose, pectin, and xyloglucan
  24. 24Cutin
    A polymer made from fatty acids that forms the plant cuticle, protecting land plants from drying out
  25. 25Two alternative carbon fixation pathways that avoid photorespiration losses
    Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C4 carbon fixation pathway, evolved independently in various plant groups
  26. 26Phytochemistry
    A branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism
  27. 27Coniine
    A toxic alkaloid found in hemlock, an example of plant secondary metabolites that serve as toxins
  28. 28What plant produces morphine?
    The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), from which morphine and other opiate painkillers are derived
  29. 29Origin of aspirin
    The acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees
  30. 30Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
    The active ingredient in cannabis, a medicinal and recreational drug that comes directly from plants

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