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Pharmacology: Drug Interactions & Safety

50 cards · 🇺🇸 English

How drugs interact and core medication safety principles.

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Therapeutic drug monitoring

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  1. 1Therapeutic drug monitoring
    The clinical practice of measuring drug concentrations in patients to ensure safe and effective dosing, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic margins
  2. 2Which types of drugs typically require therapeutic drug monitoring?
    Drugs with narrow therapeutic margins such as warfarin, antiepileptics, and aminoglycoside antibiotics
  3. 3Loewe additivity
    One of several common reference models used to describe the combined effects of drugs
  4. 4Hill equation used for
    A mathematical model used in pharmacology to describe dose-response relationships
  5. 5Cheng-Prusoff equation
    A mathematical equation used in pharmacology to determine inhibition constants and analyze competitive antagonism
  6. 6Schild regression
    A pharmacological method used to analyze and quantify competitive antagonism at receptors
  7. 7Dose-response curve
    A graphical representation showing the relationship between drug dose and the magnitude of response, studied extensively in pharmacology
  8. 8Why are dose-response curves important in pharmacology?
    They illustrate how different doses of a drug affect the magnitude of a response, helping to determine optimal therapeutic doses
  9. 9Cholinergic synapse
    A synapse where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, which can be modulated with pharmacological agents like cholinergics and anticholinergics
  10. 10Cholinergics
    Drugs like muscarine that activate acetylcholine receptors
  11. 11Anticholinergics
    Drugs like atropine that block acetylcholine receptors
  12. 12Transporter inhibitors
    Drugs like hemicholinium that target membrane transport proteins to affect neurotransmitter function
  13. 13Anticholinesterases
    Drugs like sarin that target and inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzymes
  14. 14Gene expression modulation
    When drugs exert effects through direct or indirect changes to gene expression, beyond classical pharmacological targets
  15. 15Off-target activity screening
    Testing drugs for unintended effects by gene expression profiling, in addition to conventional ligand binding and enzyme assays
  16. 16Epigenetic reprogramming in pharmacology
    When drugs introduce persistent state changes through epigenetic modifications
  17. 17Epigenetic clock
    A measurable marker of biological aging through epigenetic patterns
  18. 18Three main types of molecular targets in pharmacology
    Receptors, enzymes, and membrane transport proteins
  19. 19G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    One of the major receptor types studied in pharmacology, involved in many drug-receptor interactions
  20. 20Ligand gated ion channels
    Receptor channels that open in response to binding of specific molecules (ligands), allowing ion flow across cell membranes
  21. 21Receptor tyrosine kinases
    A major class of cell surface receptors that activate intracellular signaling pathways through phosphorylation
  22. 22Covalent bonding in drug-receptor interactions
    An irreversible type of binding affinity where drugs form permanent chemical bonds with receptors
  23. 23Weak attractive forces in drug-receptor interactions
    Reversible binding mechanisms (like van der Waals forces) that allow drugs to temporarily attach to and detach from receptors
  24. 24Intrinsic activity (efficacy)
    The maximum biological response a drug can produce when all receptors are occupied, shown as percentage on dose-response curves
  25. 25How does lipophilicity affect drug distribution?
    Lipophilic (fat-soluble) drugs can cross biological membranes more easily and tend to concentrate in highly perfused organs
  26. 26First-pass metabolism
    Drug metabolism that occurs in the liver before reaching systemic circulation after oral administration, reducing bioavailability
  27. 27How does IV administration avoid first-pass effect?
    By delivering drugs directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system and liver metabolism
  28. 28What factors affect drug pharmacokinetics?
    Molecular weight, polarity, lipophilicity, and other physicochemical properties that influence absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
  29. 29Full agonist
    A drug that binds to a receptor and produces the maximum possible biological response for that receptor
  30. 30What distinguishes a partial agonist from a full agonist?
    A partial agonist produces a biological response that is submaximal even when all receptors are occupied

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