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Pharmacology: Antibiotics, Antivirals & Analgesics/Psychiatric Drugs

99 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Anti-infective drugs plus pain and psychiatric medications.

medicinepharmacologyantibioticsanalgesics

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Pharmacology

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  1. 1Pharmacology
    The science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology
  2. 2Two main areas of pharmacology
    Pharmacodynamics (effects of a drug on biological systems) and pharmacokinetics (effects of biological systems on a drug)
  3. 3Pharmacodynamics
    The effects of a drug on biological systems, discussing how chemicals interact with biological receptors
  4. 4Pharmacokinetics
    The effects of biological systems on a drug, including liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (LADME)
  5. 5LADME in pharmacokinetics
    Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion - the five main processes describing what the body does to a drug
  6. 6Drug liberation
    When the active pharmaceutical ingredient is released from its pharmaceutical formulation and becomes available for absorption
  7. 7Drug absorption
    The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration
  8. 8Drug distribution
    How the drug spreads throughout the body's tissues and fluids after entering the bloodstream
  9. 9Drug metabolism
    How the drug is chemically altered in the body, primarily in the liver
  10. 10Drug excretion
    How the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body, mainly through the kidneys
  11. 11Half-life (t½) of a drug
    The time required for the drug's plasma concentration to reduce by half
  12. 12Volume of distribution (VD)
    A theoretical volume that relates the total amount of a drug in the body to its measured concentration in the blood or plasma
  13. 13Total clearance (Cltot)
    A parameter that quantifies the efficiency with which a drug is irreversibly eliminated from the body, measured as volume of plasma cleared per unit time
  14. 14Area Under the Curve (AUC)
    The definite integral of plasma drug concentration versus time, representing total systemic exposure of the body to a drug over time
  15. 15Receptor binding in pharmacodynamics
    Most drugs exert their effects by binding to specific cell receptors (proteins on cell surfaces or inside cells)
  16. 16Dose-response relationship
    The relationship between different drug doses and the magnitude of a response, illustrated using drug-response curves
  17. 17Therapeutic window
    The range of doses between the minimum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration
  18. 18Agonist
    A ligand that binds to receptors and produces a biological response
  19. 19Antagonist
    A ligand that has affinity for a receptor but does not produce a biological response
  20. 20Partial agonist
    A ligand that produces a biological response lower than that of a full agonist
  21. 21Drug efficacy
    The ability of a ligand to produce a biological response, indicated as percentage where 100% is maximal efficacy (all receptors occupied)
  22. 22Drug potency
    The measure of a drug's effectiveness; a lower EC50 concentration indicates higher potency
  23. 23EC50
    The drug concentration that produces an efficacy of 50%; used to compare potencies of drugs
  24. 24Therapeutic index
    The ratio of desired effect to toxic effect; describes the safety margin between therapeutic and toxic doses
  25. 25What characterizes a narrow therapeutic index?
    The drug exerts its desired effect at a dose close to its toxic dose (close to one), making it difficult to dose
  26. 26What characterizes a wide therapeutic index?
    The drug exerts its desired effect at a dose substantially below its toxic dose (greater than five)
  27. 27Which antibiotics require therapeutic drug monitoring due to narrow therapeutic index?
    Aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin)
  28. 28Binding affinity
    The ability of a ligand to form a ligand-receptor complex, either through weak attractive forces (reversible) or covalent bonds (irreversible)
  29. 29Bioavailability
    The fraction of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation, calculated as the ratio of peak plasma drug levels after oral administration to concentration after IV administration
  30. 30Why must a drug be lipophilic to pass through biological membranes?
    Because biological membranes are made up of a lipid bilayer (phospholipids), so drugs must be lipid soluble to cross them

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