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Nursing Pharmacology Essentials

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Medication administration principles for nurses.

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Pharmacology

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  1. 1Pharmacology
    The science of drugs and medications, including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology
  2. 2Two main areas of pharmacology
    Pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug) and pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body)
  3. 3Pharmacokinetics
    The study of what the body does to a drug, including liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (LADME)
  4. 4Pharmacodynamics
    The study of what the drug does to the body, including effects on biological systems and mechanisms of action
  5. 5What does LADME stand for in pharmacokinetics?
    Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
  6. 6Drug liberation
    The release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from its formulation, making it available for absorption
  7. 7Drug absorption
    The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration
  8. 8Drug distribution
    The process by which a drug spreads throughout the body's tissues and fluids from the bloodstream
  9. 9Drug metabolism
    The chemical alteration of a drug, primarily in the liver, to facilitate its elimination from the body
  10. 10Drug excretion
    The elimination of a drug and its metabolites from the body, mainly through the kidneys in urine
  11. 11Half-life (t½) of a drug
    The time required for the drug's plasma concentration to reduce by half
  12. 12Volume of distribution (VD)
    A theoretical volume that relates the total amount of drug in the body to its measured concentration in the blood
  13. 13Drug clearance
    The volume of plasma cleared of the drug per unit time, indicating how efficiently the body eliminates the drug
  14. 14Bioavailability
    The fraction of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged
  15. 15First-pass effect
    The initial metabolism of an orally administered drug in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation, reducing bioavailability
  16. 16Receptor in pharmacology
    A protein on cell surfaces or inside cells that binds to specific molecules (drugs or endogenous substances) to produce a biological response
  17. 17Agonist
    A drug that binds to a receptor and produces a biological response (activates the receptor)
  18. 18Antagonist
    A drug that binds to a receptor but does not produce a biological response (blocks the receptor)
  19. 19Partial agonist
    A drug that binds to a receptor and produces a biological response lower than that of a full agonist
  20. 20Drug efficacy
    The ability of a drug to produce a desired biological response at its target receptor
  21. 21Drug potency
    The measure of a drug's effectiveness, indicated by the drug concentration needed to produce 50% of its maximum effect (EC50)
  22. 22EC50
    The drug concentration that produces 50% of the maximum efficacy, used to compare drug potencies
  23. 23Therapeutic index
    The ratio of the dose that produces toxicity to the dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect
  24. 24Narrow therapeutic index
    When the therapeutic dose is close to the toxic dose, requiring careful dosing and often therapeutic drug monitoring
  25. 25What drugs commonly have a narrow therapeutic index?
    Warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and most anti-cancer drugs
  26. 26Therapeutic window
    The range of drug doses between the minimum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration
  27. 27Therapeutic drug monitoring
    Measuring drug levels in blood to ensure the dose remains within the therapeutic range and avoid toxicity
  28. 28Dose-response relationship
    The relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of the response it produces
  29. 29Binding affinity
    The strength of the binding interaction between a drug (ligand) and its receptor
  30. 30Drug tolerance
    A state where repeated use of a drug leads to diminished effects, requiring higher doses to achieve the same response

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