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Microbiology

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Bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists.

biologymicrobiology

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Microbiology

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  1. 1Microbiology
    The scientific study of microorganisms, including unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells) organisms
  2. 2What does the word 'microbiology' derive from?
    Ancient Greek: mīkros (small), bíos (life), and -logía (study of)
  3. 3Main sub-disciplines of microbiology
    Virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, and parasitology
  4. 4Eukaryotic microorganisms
    Microorganisms that possess membrane-bound organelles, including fungi and protists
  5. 5Prokaryotic organisms
    Organisms conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bound organelles, including Bacteria and Archaea
  6. 6What percentage of microorganisms in common environments can be cultured?
    Less than 1% can be cultured in isolation using current means
  7. 7What modern tool is used for bacterial identification?
    DNA sequence-based identification, for example using the 16S rRNA gene sequence
  8. 8How are viruses classified?
    Variably classified as either very simple microorganisms or very complex molecules
  9. 9Prions
    Infectious proteins that have been investigated by virologists but are never considered microorganisms
  10. 10What did Mahavira assert about microorganisms?
    The existence of unseen microbiological creatures living in earth, water, air, and fire
  11. 11Nigodas according to Jain scriptures
    Sub-microscopic creatures living in large clusters with very short lives, said to pervade every part of the universe
  12. 12What did Marcus Terentius Varro warn about?
    He warned against locating homesteads near swamps because of 'minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through mouth and nose and cause serious diseases'
  13. 13Which Persian scientists hypothesized the existence of microorganisms?
    Avicenna (in The Canon of Medicine), Ibn Zuhr (who discovered scabies mites), and Al-Razi (who described smallpox)
  14. 14Where did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek live?
    He lived most of his life in Delft, Netherlands
  15. 15What bacteria did Ferdinand Cohn describe?
    Bacillus and Beggiatoa, among others
  16. 16What did Ferdinand Cohn discover?
    He was the first to discover endospores and formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacteria
  17. 17What theory did Pasteur disprove?
    The theory of spontaneous generation, through his series of experiments
  18. 18What preservation method did Pasteur design?
    Pasteurization for food preservation, along with vaccines against anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
  19. 19Koch best known for
    His contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms
  20. 20Koch's postulates
    A series of criteria developed by Koch for proving that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease
  21. 21What novel bacterium did Koch describe?
    Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, among others
  22. 22Limitation of Pasteur and Koch's work
    Their exclusive focus on microorganisms with direct medical relevance didn't reflect the true diversity of the microbial world
  23. 23Beijerinck's two major contributions
    The discovery of viruses and the development of enrichment culture techniques
  24. 24What virus did Beijerinck work on?
    The tobacco mosaic virus, which established the basic principles of virology
  25. 25What concept did Winogradsky develop?
    The concept of chemolithotrophy, revealing the essential role of microorganisms in geochemical processes
  26. 26What bacteria did Winogradsky first isolate and describe?
    Both nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  27. 27Main branches of microbiology
    Bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, protozoology, virology, phycology, microbial genetics, and microbial ecology
  28. 28Cellular microbiology
    A pure research branch of microbiology
  29. 29What beneficial industrial processes use microbes?
    Industrial fermentation for production of alcohol, vinegar, and dairy products, plus antibiotic production
  30. 30Taq polymerase
    A biotechnologically important enzyme produced from microbes, used in PCR

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