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Meteorology & Oceanography

76 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Weather, climate zones, ocean currents and marine ecosystems.

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Meteorology

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  1. 1Meteorology
    The scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere and short-term atmospheric phenomena (i.e., weather), with a focus on weather forecasting
  2. 2What fields does meteorology combine with to form the atmospheric sciences?
    Climatology, atmospheric physics, atmospheric chemistry, and aeronomy
  3. 3Hydrometeorology
    An interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, notably El Niño and La Niña
  4. 4Etymology of 'meteorology'
    From Ancient Greek μετέωρος (metéōros) 'meteor' and -λογία -logia (-logy), meaning 'the study of things high in the air'
  5. 5What applications does meteorology have?
    Military, aviation, energy production, transport, agriculture, construction, weather warnings, and disaster management
  6. 6What phenomena do meteorologists study?
    Everyday weather like clouds, precipitation, and wind patterns, as well as severe weather events such as tropical cyclones and severe winter storms
  7. 7What variables do meteorologists use to quantify weather?
    Temperature, pressure, and humidity
  8. 8World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
    An organization that ensures international standardization of meteorological research
  9. 9What instruments do meteorologists use for surface-level measurements?
    Thermometers, barometers, and weather vanes
  10. 10What advanced tools do meteorologists use?
    Weather satellites, balloons, reconnaissance aircraft, buoys, and radars
  11. 11Aristotle's Meteorology
    A treatise written in 350 BC that summed up early observations and remained an authority on meteorology for nearly 2,000 years
  12. 12What cycle did Aristotle describe in his Meteorology?
    The hydrologic cycle
  13. 13What did Alhazen estimate about Earth's atmosphere?
    The maximum possible height of Earth's atmosphere as about 49 miles (79 km)
  14. 14What work by René Descartes typifies the scientific revolution in meteorology?
    Discourse on the Method (1637)
  15. 15What did Descartes introduce to meteorology?
    The Cartesian coordinate system and stressed the importance of mathematics in natural science
  16. 16Numerical weather prediction (NWP)
    A forecasting method introduced in the 20th century using sophisticated mathematical models
  17. 17What revolutionized weather forecasting?
    Computers, which process vast datasets in real time and automatically solve modeling equations
  18. 18Butterfly effect
    A concept in chaos theory illustrating the atmosphere's chaotic nature and inherent uncertainty in forecasting
  19. 19Parhelion (sundog)
    An atmospheric optical phenomenon where bright spots appear on either side of the Sun
  20. 20What early method was used to predict weather?
    Astrology, folklore, and religious rituals, with weather phenomena believed to be controlled by the gods
  21. 21What did the Chaldeans differentiate?
    The 22° and 46° halos
  22. 22What did Anaxagoras observe about air temperature?
    That air temperature decreased with increasing height and that clouds contain moisture
  23. 23TIROS-1
    The first successful weather satellite, launched in April 1960, marking the beginning of globally available weather information
  24. 24Phlogiston theory
    An obsolete theory developed by Joseph Black and Daniel Rutherford, later deprecated by Lavoisier
  25. 25Caloric theory
    A theory proposed by Lavoisier in 1783 about heat as a fluid substance
  26. 26Anemometer
    An instrument that measures wind speed
  27. 27Barometer
    An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure
  28. 28Thermometer
    An instrument that measures temperature
  29. 29Hygrometer
    An instrument that measures humidity
  30. 30Rain gauge
    An instrument that measures rainfall

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