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Mental Health: Psychotropic Medications

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Antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and anxiolytics.

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Psychoactive drug

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  1. 1Psychoactive drug
    A chemical substance that alters psychological functioning by modulating central nervous system (CNS) activity, affecting mood, perception, cognition, and behavior
  2. 2psychoactive vs psychotropic drugs
    Terms are often used interchangeably; psychotropics sometimes refer specifically to psychiatric drugs or high-abuse substances, while psychoactive is broader
  3. 3Six major classes of psychiatric medications
    Antidepressants, stimulants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, and depressants (hypnotics/sedatives)
  4. 4What conditions are antidepressants used to treat?
    Clinical depression, dysthymia, anxiety, eating disorders, and borderline personality disorder
  5. 5Stimulants used to treat
    Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and for weight reduction (as anorectics)
  6. 6Antipsychotics used to treat
    Psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia or severe mania, or as adjuncts to relieve clinical depression
  7. 7What conditions are mood stabilizers used to treat?
    Bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder
  8. 8Anxiolytics used to treat
    Anxiety disorders and sometimes insomnia
  9. 9Depressants used for medically
    As hypnotics (sleep aids), sedatives (calming agents), and anesthetics (depending on dosage)
  10. 10What psychoactive substances are used to treat alcoholism?
    Acamprosate or naltrexone
  11. 11What substances are used in opioid addiction maintenance therapy?
    Methadone or buprenorphine
  12. 12Agonist in pharmacology
    A drug that increases activity in particular neurotransmitter systems by increasing synthesis, reducing reuptake, or binding directly to receptors
  13. 13Antagonist in pharmacology
    A drug that reduces neurotransmitter activity by interfering with synthesis or blocking postsynaptic receptors
  14. 14Sensitization in neuropharmacology
    An increase in the number or responsiveness of receptors for a particular neurotransmitter after exposure to antagonists
  15. 15Tolerance in drug use
    A decrease in both number and sensitivity of receptors for a particular neurotransmitter due to overstimulation (also called desensitization)
  16. 16Examples of benzodiazepines
    Xanax (alprazolam), Valium (diazepam), lorazepam, clonazepam, temazepam
  17. 17What neurotransmitter system do benzodiazepines primarily affect?
    GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) system; they are GABAA receptor agonists
  18. 18Examples of empathogen-entactogens
    MDMA (ecstasy), MDA, 6-APB, AMT
  19. 19What do empathogen-entactogens do?
    Alter emotional state, often resulting in increased sense of empathy, closeness, and emotional communication
  20. 20Examples of stimulants
    Amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, methylphenidate
  21. 21What effects do stimulants have?
    Increase CNS activity, enhancing alertness, attention, cognition, mood, and physical performance
  22. 22Examples of hallucinogens
    Psychedelics: Psilocybin, LSD, DMT, mescaline; Dissociatives: DXM, ketamine, salvia; Deliriants: Datura, scopolamine
  23. 23What do hallucinogens do?
    Produce distinct alterations in perception, sensation of space and time, and emotional state
  24. 24Zoloft (sertraline)
    An SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) antidepressant
  25. 25How do SSRIs work?
    They inhibit serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonin availability in the synaptic cleft
  26. 26Examples of SSRIs
    Fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), escitalopram (Lexapro)
  27. 27SNRIs
    Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., duloxetine, venlafaxine)
  28. 28SSRIs vs SNRIs
    SNRIs inhibit reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, while SSRIs target only serotonin
  29. 29Tricyclic antidepressants
    Older class of antidepressants (e.g., imipramine) that inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake but have more side effects
  30. 30What neurotransmitter is primarily affected by cocaine?
    Dopamine (cocaine is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor), also affects serotonin and norepinephrine

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