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Industrial Revolution

60 cards · 🇺🇸 English

The transformation from agrarian to industrial society in the 18th-19th centuries.

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When did the Industrial Revolution occur?

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1When did the Industrial Revolution occur?
Approximately 1760–1840, beginning in Great Britain
2Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Great Britain around 1760
3What was the Industrial Revolution?
A transitional period toward more widespread, efficient manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution
4Which industry was the first to use modern production methods?
The textile industry
5What key technological shifts occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
Going from hand production to machines, new chemical/iron processes, increased water/steam power, machine tools, and mechanized factories
6What was the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution?
The standard of living for most in the Western world began to increase consistently for the first time
7Who first recorded use of the term 'Industrial Revolution'?
French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto in 1799
8Who popularized the term Industrial Revolution?
Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account
9What invention greatly increased cotton processing productivity?
The cotton gin, which increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50
10Who invented the spinning jenny in 1764?
James Hargreaves
11What was the flying shuttle?
Patented in 1733 by John Kay, it doubled the output of a weaver
12By what factor did mechanized cotton spinning increase output per worker?
Around 500 times
13By what factor did the power loom increase output?
A factor of 40
14What fuel replaced charcoal in iron production?
Coke, which greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production
15What process produced structural grade iron at lower cost?
The puddling process
16What innovation in 1828 greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production?
Hot blast
17How much faster was the rolling mill compared to hammering wrought iron?
Fifteen times faster
18What were the first machine tools?
The screw-cutting lathe, cylinder boring machine, and milling machine
19What was the earliest highly mechanized factory?
John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721
20How did John Lombe learn silk thread manufacturing?
By taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy
21What were the Calico Acts?
British laws passed in 1700 and 1721 to protect domestic woolen/linen industries from Indian cotton fabric imports
22What was fustian?
A cloth with flax warp and cotton weft, produced in Lancashire to meet demand for heavier fabric
23Under the putting-out system, how many spinners were needed to supply one weaver?
4–8 spinners to supply one handloom weaver
24How much raw cotton did Britain import in 1750?
2.5 million pounds, mostly spun and woven by cottage industry in Lancashire
25How much raw cotton did Britain use in 1800?
52 million pounds
26How much raw cotton did Britain use in 1850?
588 million pounds
27What was Britain's cotton share of value added in 1831?
22%, up from 2.6% in 1760
28How many cotton factories were there in Britain in 1797?
About 900
29What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
A period after 1870 featuring steel-making, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grids, and advanced machinery
30What agricultural revolution preceded industrialization?
The British Agricultural Revolution (Second Agricultural Revolution), which freed up labor and ensured food surpluses