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European Unification: 19th Century to EU

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German and Italian unification in the 1800s, and the postwar formation of the European Union.

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What was the German unification (Deutsche Einigung)?

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  1. 1What was the German unification (Deutsche Einigung)?
    A process of building the first German nation-state with federal features based on Lesser Germany (without Habsburg multi-ethnic Austria), from August 18, 1866 to May 10, 1871
  2. 2When was the German Empire proclaimed?
    January 18, 1871, at the Palace of Versailles, though legally meaningful events occurred on January 1 and May 10, 1871
  3. 3What was the North German Confederation?
    A military alliance established on August 18, 1866, de facto dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia, which formed the basis for German unification
  4. 4How many member states did the German Empire have?
    25 member states, led by the Kingdom of Prussia of the Hohenzollerns
  5. 5What was the Zollverein?
    A Prussian customs union created in 1818 that linked German states economically, reducing protectionist barriers and facilitating trade
  6. 6Who was Otto von Bismarck?
    Minister President of Prussia who used Realpolitik to orchestrate German unification through strategic wars and diplomacy
  7. 7What was German dualism?
    The competition between Austria and Prussia for leadership of the German peoples, presenting two solutions: Kleindeutsche (small Germany without Austria) or Großdeutsche (greater Germany with Austria)
  8. 8What was Lesser Germany (Kleindeutsche Lösung)?
    The solution to German unification without Austria, ultimately adopted in the Peace of Prague (1866)
  9. 9What was Greater Germany (Großdeutsche Lösung)?
    The proposed solution for German unification that would have included Austria or its German-speaking part
  10. 10When was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?
    1806, when Napoleon dictated its dissolution after defeating Prussia, and Emperor Francis II abdicated
  11. 11What was the Confederation of the Rhine?
    A German client state of France established by Napoleon, which provided for the mediatization of hundreds of small princes and imperial knights
  12. 12What was the Battle of Leipzig?
    The Battle of Nations in October 1813, where over 500,000 combatants fought in the largest European land battle of the 19th century, resulting in Napoleon's defeat
  13. 13What was the Congress of Vienna?
    An 1814-1815 conference that established a new European political system based on balance of power and created the German Confederation
  14. 14What was the German Confederation (1815-1866)?
    A loose confederation of 39 German states headed by Austria, with a Federal Diet that met in Frankfurt am Main
  15. 15What was the Vormärz period?
    The period of Austrian and Prussian police-states and censorship between the Congress of Vienna and the Revolutions of 1848, meaning 'before March'
  16. 16What was the Wartburg Festival of 1817?
    A rally where approximately 500 students gathered at Wartburg Castle to demonstrate in favor of national unification, forming the first real student movements
  17. 17What were the Carlsbad Decrees?
    1819 legislation that hindered the nationalist movement by driving student organizations underground, expanding censorship, and limiting academic speech
  18. 18What was the Hambach Festival of 1832?
    A gathering of over 30,000 people at Hambach Castle celebrating fraternity, liberty, and national unity, emphasizing peaceful German nationalism
  19. 19What was Kleinstaaterei?
    The practice of 'small-statery' - the existence of more than 300 small German-speaking political entities before unification
  20. 20What was the War of Liberation (1813-1814)?
    The German campaign against Napoleon that culminated in the Battle of Leipzig, creating a sense of common German national identity
  21. 21What role did railways play in German unification?
    Railways linked regions economically, reduced transport costs, and created a sense of unity. Friedrich List called railways and the Customs Union 'Siamese Twins'
  22. 22When was the first German railway line built?
    1835 - the Bavarian Ludwig Railway connected Nuremberg and Fürth, proving both profitable and popular
  23. 23What was the Peace of Prague (1866)?
    The treaty that settled the Austro-Prussian War, dissolving the German Confederation and establishing Prussian dominance in northern Germany
  24. 24What were the three wars of German unification?
    The Second Schleswig War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
  25. 25What was annexed from France after the Franco-Prussian War?
    Alsace-Lorraine, formalized in the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)
  26. 26Who became the first German Emperor?
    Wilhelm I Hohenzollern, proclaimed German Emperor on January 18, 1871
  27. 27What was the Risorgimento?
    The Italian unification movement meaning 'resurgence', spanning roughly 1815-1871
  28. 28Who were the key figures in Italian unification?
    Giuseppe Garibaldi (military leader), Count Cavour (Piedmontese prime minister), Giuseppe Mazzini (republican idealist), and King Victor Emmanuel II
  29. 29What was the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia's role in Italian unification?
    It was the most powerful Italian state that led the unification process under King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Cavour
  30. 30Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
    A military commander who led the Expedition of the Thousand (1860), conquering Sicily and Naples for Italian unification

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