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AP Biology

174 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Comprehensive review of AP Biology concepts covering all 8 units: chemistry of life, cells, energetics, heredity, gene expression, natural selection, and ecology

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What are the four major classes of biological macromolecules?

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  1. 1What are the four major classes of biological macromolecules?
    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
  2. 2What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
    Energy storage and structural support (e.g., starch stores energy, cellulose provides structure in plant cell walls)
  3. 3What is the monomer of proteins?
    Amino acids
  4. 4What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
    Nucleotides
  5. 5What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
    Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
  6. 6What are lipids primarily composed of?
    Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in the form of fatty acids and glycerol
  7. 7What is a peptide bond?
    A covalent bond formed between two amino acids through dehydration synthesis
  8. 8What is the primary structure of a protein?
    The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
  9. 9What is the secondary structure of a protein?
    Local folding patterns such as alpha helices and beta sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds
  10. 10What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
    The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain
  11. 11What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
    The arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in a multi-subunit protein
  12. 12What is an enzyme?
    A biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed
  13. 13What is the active site of an enzyme?
    The specific region where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction
  14. 14What is the induced fit model?
    The concept that an enzyme's active site changes shape slightly to better fit the substrate upon binding
  15. 15What factors affect enzyme activity?
    Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and presence of inhibitors or cofactors
  16. 16What is competitive inhibition?
    When an inhibitor competes with the substrate for binding to the enzyme's active site
  17. 17What is noncompetitive inhibition?
    When an inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity
  18. 18What is the structure of DNA?
    A double helix composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
  19. 19What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
    Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
  20. 20What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
    Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T), and Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C)
  21. 21What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
    DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar and thymine; RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine
  22. 22What is ATP?
    Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of cells
  23. 23How does ATP store and release energy?
    Energy is stored in the high-energy phosphate bonds and released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate
  24. 24What is photosynthesis?
    The process by which plants and other autotrophs convert light energy, CO₂, and water into glucose and oxygen
  25. 25What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
    6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
  26. 26Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
    In the chloroplasts
  27. 27What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
    Light-dependent reactions (in thylakoid membranes) and light-independent reactions/Calvin cycle (in stroma)
  28. 28What is produced during the light-dependent reactions?
    ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (from water splitting)
  29. 29What is the Calvin cycle?
    The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis where CO₂ is fixed into glucose using ATP and NADPH
  30. 30What is cellular respiration?
    The process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP, releasing CO₂ and water

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