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AP US History

212 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Comprehensive review for AP United States History exam covering from pre-Columbian era to the present

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What was the Columbian Exchange?

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  1. 1What was the Columbian Exchange?
    The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Americas and Europe/Africa/Asia following 1492
  2. 2What were the main Native American cultural groups before European contact?
    Pueblo/Anasazi (Southwest), Mississippian (Southeast/Midwest), Iroquois (Northeast), Great Plains nomadic tribes, Pacific Northwest fishing societies
  3. 3What was the encomienda system?
    Spanish colonial labor system granting colonists control over Native populations for tribute and forced labor
  4. 4What was the Atlantic slave trade?
    Forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas (1500s-1800s) to provide labor for plantation agriculture
  5. 5What was the main economic purpose of Spanish colonies?
    Extraction of gold, silver, and other resources; conversion of natives to Christianity
  6. 6What was Jamestown?
    First permanent English settlement in North America (1607, Virginia); initially struggled but survived through tobacco cultivation
  7. 7What was the headright system?
    Virginia colonial policy granting 50 acres of land to anyone who paid passage to America, encouraging settlement
  8. 8What was the Mayflower Compact (1620)?
    Agreement by Plymouth colonists to form self-government and follow majority rule; early example of democratic principles
  9. 9What were the New England colonies' primary economic activities?
    Fishing, shipbuilding, small-scale farming, timber trade
  10. 10What were the Middle Colonies known for?
    Religious diversity, grain production ("breadbasket colonies"), trade, and commerce
  11. 11What was the plantation economy of Southern colonies?
    Large-scale agricultural production (tobacco, rice, indigo) dependent on enslaved African labor
  12. 12What was the Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)?
    Religious revival movement emphasizing personal faith and emotional worship; challenged traditional religious authority
  13. 13What was Bacon's Rebellion (1676)?
    Virginia uprising of poor farmers against colonial government; led to increased reliance on African slavery over indentured servitude
  14. 14What was triangular trade?
    Three-way trade system: manufactured goods to Africa, enslaved people to Americas, raw materials to Europe
  15. 15What was salutary neglect?
    British policy of loose enforcement of colonial trade regulations (pre-1763), allowing colonies self-governance
  16. 16What caused the French and Indian War (1754-1763)?
    Competition between Britain and France for control of North American territories, particularly Ohio River Valley
  17. 17What was the Proclamation of 1763?
    British ban on colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflict with Native Americans; angered colonists
  18. 18What was the Sugar Act (1764)?
    First British tax on colonies specifically to raise revenue; taxed molasses and sugar imports
  19. 19What was the Stamp Act (1765)?
    British tax on printed materials (newspapers, legal documents, playing cards); sparked "no taxation without representation" protests
  20. 20What were the Sons of Liberty?
    Colonial resistance group that organized protests and boycotts against British policies; used intimidation and violence
  21. 21What was the Boston Massacre (1770)?
    Confrontation where British soldiers killed five colonists; used as propaganda by Patriots
  22. 22What was the Boston Tea Party (1773)?
    Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to protest Tea Act; led to Intolerable Acts
  23. 23What were the Intolerable Acts (1774)?
    Punitive British laws after Boston Tea Party: closed Boston Harbor, limited Massachusetts self-government, quartered troops
  24. 24What was decided at the First Continental Congress (1774)?
    Colonial delegates organized boycott of British goods and petitioned King George III for redress of grievances
  25. 25What started the Revolutionary War?
    Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 1775) when British troops attempted to seize colonial weapons
  26. 26What was Common Sense (1776)?
    Thomas Paine's pamphlet arguing for independence from Britain; widely read and influential
  27. 27What are the main ideas in the Declaration of Independence?
    Natural rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness), government by consent, right to overthrow tyrannical government
  28. 28What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga (1777)?
    American victory that convinced France to form alliance with colonists, providing crucial military and financial support
  29. 29What ended the Revolutionary War?
    Treaty of Paris (1783): Britain recognized American independence and ceded territory to Mississippi River
  30. 30What were the main weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
    No executive branch, no federal courts, no power to tax, required unanimous consent for amendments, weak central government

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