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AP Chemistry

176 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Complete AP Chemistry review covering atomic structure, chemical bonding, reactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium, acids/bases, and electrochemistry

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What is an atom?

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  1. 1What is an atom?
    The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element
  2. 2What are the three subatomic particles?
    Protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge)
  3. 3What is the atomic number?
    The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which defines the element
  4. 4What is the mass number?
    The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
  5. 5What are isotopes?
    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (same atomic number, different mass number)
  6. 6What is the electron configuration of carbon?
    1s² 2s² 2p² or [He] 2s² 2p²
  7. 7What is the Pauli exclusion principle?
    No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers; orbitals hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins
  8. 8What is Hund's rule?
    Electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy singly before pairing up, with parallel spins
  9. 9What is the Aufbau principle?
    Electrons fill orbitals starting with the lowest energy level first
  10. 10What are valence electrons?
    Electrons in the outermost energy level that participate in chemical bonding
  11. 11What is the periodic trend for atomic radius?
    Atomic radius increases down a group and decreases across a period (left to right)
  12. 12What is the periodic trend for ionization energy?
    Ionization energy decreases down a group and increases across a period (left to right)
  13. 13What is ionization energy?
    The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion
  14. 14What is electronegativity?
    The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond
  15. 15What is the periodic trend for electronegativity?
    Electronegativity decreases down a group and increases across a period (fluorine is the most electronegative)
  16. 16What is an ionic bond?
    A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions
  17. 17What is a covalent bond?
    A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
  18. 18What is a polar covalent bond?
    A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges due to electronegativity differences
  19. 19What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
    A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms with similar electronegativity
  20. 20What is a metallic bond?
    A bond where electrons move freely among a lattice of metal atoms, creating a 'sea of electrons'
  21. 21What is a Lewis structure?
    A diagram showing the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons in a molecule
  22. 22What is the octet rule?
    Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable configuration of eight valence electrons
  23. 23What are exceptions to the octet rule?
    Hydrogen and helium (duet rule), boron (6 electrons), elements in period 3+ can have expanded octets (e.g., SF₆)
  24. 24What is resonance?
    When a molecule can be represented by two or more valid Lewis structures, the actual structure is a hybrid of these forms
  25. 25What is VSEPR theory?
    Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory: electron pairs around a central atom arrange themselves to minimize repulsion
  26. 26What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with 2 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs?
    Linear (e.g., CO₂, BeH₂); bond angle 180°
  27. 27What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with 3 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs?
    Trigonal planar (e.g., BF₃); bond angle 120°
  28. 28What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with 4 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs?
    Tetrahedral (e.g., CH₄); bond angle 109.5°
  29. 29What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair?
    Trigonal pyramidal (e.g., NH₃); bond angle ~107°
  30. 30What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs?
    Bent (e.g., H₂O); bond angle ~104.5°

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