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AP Physics 2

186 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Comprehensive review for AP Physics 2 exam covering thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, and modern physics

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What is the first law of thermodynamics?

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  1. 1What is the first law of thermodynamics?
    Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another (conservation of energy)
  2. 2What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
    The total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, and heat naturally flows from hot to cold
  3. 3What is an ideal gas?
    A theoretical gas where molecules have no volume, no intermolecular forces, and undergo perfectly elastic collisions
  4. 4State the ideal gas law equation
    PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin
  5. 5What is the relationship between pressure and volume in an isothermal process?
    Inverse relationship: as volume increases, pressure decreases (PV = constant)
  6. 6What happens to internal energy in an isothermal process?
    Internal energy remains constant because temperature is constant (ΔU = 0)
  7. 7What is an adiabatic process?
    A thermodynamic process where no heat is exchanged with the surroundings (Q = 0)
  8. 8What is the equation for work done by a gas during expansion?
    W = PΔV for constant pressure, or W = ∫PdV for variable pressure
  9. 9What is entropy?
    A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system; increases in spontaneous processes
  10. 10What is the kinetic theory of gases?
    A model explaining gas behavior based on the motion of molecules: temperature is proportional to average kinetic energy
  11. 11What is the relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy?
    Average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute temperature: KE_avg = (3/2)kT
  12. 12What is a PV diagram?
    A graph showing the relationship between pressure and volume during a thermodynamic process
  13. 13What does the area under a curve on a PV diagram represent?
    The work done by or on the gas during the process
  14. 14What is an isobaric process?
    A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant pressure
  15. 15What is an isochoric (isovolumetric) process?
    A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume (no work is done)
  16. 16What is heat capacity?
    The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree
  17. 17What is specific heat?
    The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram (or one kilogram) of a substance by one degree
  18. 18What is a heat engine?
    A device that converts thermal energy into mechanical work by operating between two temperature reservoirs
  19. 19What is the efficiency of a heat engine?
    Efficiency = W/Q_h = (Q_h - Q_c)/Q_h, where W is work output, Q_h is heat input, Q_c is heat rejected
  20. 20What is a Carnot engine?
    An idealized heat engine with maximum possible efficiency, operating on a reversible cycle
  21. 21What is Carnot efficiency?
    η = 1 - (T_c/T_h), where T_c is cold reservoir temperature and T_h is hot reservoir temperature (in Kelvin)
  22. 22What is a refrigerator in thermodynamics?
    A heat engine operating in reverse, transferring heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir using work input
  23. 23What is the coefficient of performance (COP) for a refrigerator?
    COP = Q_c/W, the ratio of heat removed from cold reservoir to work input
  24. 24What is Coulomb's law?
    F = kq₁q₂/r², the force between two point charges is proportional to the product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance
  25. 25What is the value of Coulomb's constant k?
    k = 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C² (or approximately 9.0 × 10⁹ N·m²/C²)
  26. 26What is an electric field?
    The force per unit charge experienced by a small positive test charge placed at a point in space
  27. 27What is the equation for electric field?
    E = F/q, where F is force and q is the test charge, or E = kQ/r² for a point charge
  28. 28What direction does the electric field point?
    Away from positive charges and toward negative charges
  29. 29What is electric potential (voltage)?
    The electric potential energy per unit charge at a point in an electric field
  30. 30What is the equation for electric potential due to a point charge?
    V = kQ/r, where Q is the source charge and r is the distance from the charge

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