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Cybersecurity: Encryption & Protocols

50 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Encryption, authentication and the protocols that keep data secure.

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Computer security

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1Computer security
Subdiscipline within information security focusing on protecting computer software, systems, and networks from threats leading to unauthorized disclosure, theft, or damage
2Vulnerability
Flaw in structure, execution, functioning, or internal oversight of a computer or system that compromises its security
3CVE database
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures database where most discovered vulnerabilities are documented
4Exploitable vulnerability
Vulnerability for which at least one working attack or exploit exists
5Threats
Actors maliciously seeking vulnerabilities; can use automated tools or customized scripts
6Backdoor
Secret method of bypassing normal authentication or security controls in a computer system, cryptosystem, or algorithm
7Denial-of-service attack (DoS)
Attack designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users
8Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)
Attack where the attack comes from large number of points, making defense much more difficult
9Botnet
Network of zombie computers used to launch attacks
10Direct-access attack
When unauthorized user gains physical access to a computer, typically to copy data or steal information
11Disk encryption
Security measure designed to prevent attacks by booting another operating system from bootable media
12Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
Standard designed to prevent physical access attacks; integrates cryptographic capabilities onto access devices
13Eavesdropping
Act of surreptitiously listening to a private computer conversation, usually between hosts on a network
14Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Encrypts data between two points; one of most common forms of protection against eavesdropping
15HTTPS
Encrypted HTTP; best practice for wireless networks instead of unencrypted HTTP
16TEMPEST
NSA specification referring to attacks that monitor faint electromagnetic transmissions generated by hardware
17Malware
Any software code or computer program intentionally written to harm a computer system or its users
18Computer virus
Malicious code that hijacks software with intention to do damage and spread copies of itself
19Worm
Self-replicating malware that spreads between programs, apps, and devices without need for human interaction
20Trojan horse
Program that pretends to be helpful or hides within legitimate software to trick users into installing it
21RAT
Remote Access Trojan; creates secret backdoor on affected device to cause damage
22Spyware
Malware that secretly gathers information from infected computer and transmits it back to attacker
23Keylogger
Most common form of spyware; records all user keyboard inputs to harvest usernames, passwords, and financial information
24Scareware
Malware using social engineering to scare, shock, or trigger anxiety to manipulate users into buying unwanted software
25Ransomware
Malware that installs itself, encrypts files, and demands ransom (usually in Bitcoin) to return data
26Man-in-the-middle attack (MITM)
Malicious attacker intercepts, surveils, or modifies communications between two parties by spoofing identities
27IP address spoofing
Attacker hijacks routing protocols to reroute target's traffic to vulnerable network node
28DNS spoofing
Attackers hijack domain name assignments to redirect traffic to systems under attacker control
29SSL hijacking
Attacker spoofs SSL authentication and encryption protocol via Certificate Authority injection to decrypt and modify traffic
30Multi-vector polymorphic attack
Attack combining several types of attacks and changing form to avoid security controls as they spread