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Networking: OSI, TCP/IP & Protocols

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How computer networks are structured and the protocols that run them.

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Computer network

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  1. 1Computer network
    A group of communicating computers and peripherals (hosts) that communicate data via communication protocols, facilitated by networking hardware
  2. 2Hosts identified within a computer network
    By network addresses (which allow hardware to locate and identify hosts) and optionally by hostnames (memorable labels mapped to network addresses)
  3. 3Network topology
    The arrangement of hosts and hardware within a network architecture
  4. 4NPL network
    A local area network at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK that pioneered packet switching implementation in 1968-69 using 768 kbit/s links
  5. 5Intergalactic Computer Network' concept
    A concept discussed by J.C.R. Licklider in 1962-1963 for general communications among computer users, which ultimately became the basis for ARPANET
  6. 6Ethernet and when was it first described
    A local area networking system created by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs, first described in a formal memo at Xerox PARC in 1973
  7. 7What inspired the creation of Ethernet?
    The packet radio ALOHAnet, started by Norman Abramson and Franklin Kuo at the University of Hawaii in the late 1960s
  8. 8ARCNET and when was it created
    A token-passing network created by John Murphy of Datapoint Corporation in 1976, first used to share storage devices
  9. 9What transmission speeds has Ethernet supported over time?
    Started at 2.94 Mbit/s, then 10 Mbit/s (1980), 100 Mbit/s (1995), 1 Gbit/s (1998), and up to 800 Gbit/s (as of 2025)
  10. 10Three main types of transmission media for computer networks
    Electrical cable, optical fiber, and free space (wireless)
  11. 11At which OSI layers is the software to handle media defined?
    Layers 1 and 2 — the physical layer and the data link layer
  12. 12IEEE 802.3
    The standard that defines the media and protocol standards enabling communication between networked devices over Ethernet
  13. 13Coaxial cable used for and what are its typical transmission speeds
    Widely used for cable TV, office buildings, and LANs. Transmission speed ranges from 200 million to over 500 million bits per second
  14. 14Twisted pair cabling and why are the wires twisted
    Cabling used for wired Ethernet with 4 pairs of copper wires. Twisting helps reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction
  15. 15Two forms of twisted pair cabling
    Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP), each coming in several category ratings
  16. 16Transmission speed range for twisted pair cabling
    From 2 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s
  17. 17Advantages of optical fiber over metal wires
    Very low transmission loss and immunity to electrical interference
  18. 18Wave division multiplexing in optical fiber
    A technology allowing optical fibers to simultaneously carry multiple streams of data on different wavelengths of light, greatly increasing data rates to trillions of bits per second
  19. 19Two basic types of fiber optics
    Single-mode optical fiber (SMF) and multi-mode optical fiber (MMF)
  20. 20Terrestrial microwave communication
    Communication using Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes, operating in the low gigahertz range, limited to line-of-sight with relay stations ~40 miles apart
  21. 21At what altitude are geosynchronous communications satellites typically stationed?
    35,400 km (22,000 miles) above the equator
  22. 22IEEE 802.11
    A standard defining wireless radio-wave technology commonly known as Wi-Fi, using spread spectrum technology for communication between multiple devices in a limited area
  23. 23Network Interface Controller (NIC)
    Computer hardware that connects the computer to the network media and processes low-level network information, with a connector for cable/aerial and associated circuitry
  24. 24MAC address
    Media Access Control address - a unique identifier for each NIC in Ethernet networks, usually stored in the controller's permanent memory
  25. 25Size of an Ethernet MAC address
    Six octets (bytes), with the three most significant octets identifying the NIC manufacturer
  26. 26Repeater in networking
    An electronic device that receives a network signal, cleans it of noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at higher power to cover longer distances without degradation
  27. 27Ethernet 5-4-3 rule
    A network architecture limitation on the number of repeaters used in an Ethernet network to prevent propagation delay from affecting proper function
  28. 28Ethernet hub
    An Ethernet repeater with multiple ports that reconditions and distributes network signals, assists with collision detection and fault isolation
  29. 29Network bridges and switches differ from hubs
    They only forward frames to the ports involved in the communication, whereas a hub forwards to all ports
  30. 30At which OSI layer do bridges and switches operate?
    Layer 2 (the data link layer)

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