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Cloud Computing & DevOps

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What cloud computing is (NIST model) and how DevOps/CI-CD pipelines work.

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Cloud computing according to ISO

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1Cloud computing according to ISO
A paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and administration on demand
2On-demand self-service in cloud computing
The ability for consumers to unilaterally provision computing capabilities (server time, network storage) automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider
3Broad network access
Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous platforms (mobile phones, tablets, laptops, workstations)
4Resource pooling in cloud computing
The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand
5Rapid elasticity in cloud computing
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released (sometimes automatically) to scale rapidly with demand, appearing unlimited to the consumer
6Measured service in cloud computing
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use through metering capability, allowing monitoring, controlling, and reporting of resource usage for transparency
7OpenStack and when was it initiated
An open-source cloud-software project initiated in 2010 by Rackspace Hosting and NASA
8AWS Outposts
A service launched in December 2019 that extends AWS infrastructure, services, APIs, and tools to customer data centers, co-location spaces, or on-premises facilities
9Shared responsibility model in cloud computing
Providers are responsible for infrastructure security, physical hardware, and software updates; customers are accountable for data encryption, IAM, and application-level security
10Responsibility vary across cloud service models
Customers have more control and responsibility in IaaS, progressively less in PaaS and SaaS, trading control for convenience and managed services
11What types of organizations benefit most from cloud adoption?
Those with variable/unpredictable workloads, limited capital for upfront investments, or need for rapid scalability (startups, SaaS companies, e-commerce platforms)
12What types of organizations may find cloud less suitable?
Those with strict regulatory requirements, highly predictable workloads, or reliance on deeply integrated legacy systems (defense, government, high-frequency trading firms)
13Why do tech giants like Google, Meta, and Amazon build their own data centers?
Due to economies of scale, predictable workloads, and ability to customize hardware and network infrastructure for optimal efficiency
14Hybrid cloud architecture
Combining on-premises infrastructure with cloud services to balance scalability, cost-effectiveness, and control, offering benefits of both deployment models
15One of the primary challenges of cloud computing regarding data
Maintaining data security and privacy, as users entrust sensitive data to third-party providers who may not have adequate protection measures
16What compliance risks do cloud users face?
Risks if they must adhere to regulations or standards regarding data protection, such as GDPR or HIPAA
17Challenge of reduced visibility and control in cloud computing
Users may not have full insight into how resources are managed, configured, or optimized by providers, with limited ability to customize services
18Cloud migration
The process of transferring data, applications, or workloads from one cloud environment to another, or from on-premises infrastructure to the cloud
19What do cloud providers' SLAs typically exclude?
Planned maintenance, downtime from external factors (network issues), human errors, natural disasters, force majeure events, or security breaches
20Leaky abstraction in cloud computing
When cloud abstractions that aim to simplify resource management expose underlying complexities, requiring users to understand implementation details and limitations
21Service lock-in within the same vendor
When a customer becomes dependent on specific services within a cloud vendor, making it challenging to switch to alternative services within the same vendor when needs change
22Top three cloud security threats according to the Cloud Security Alliance
1) Insecure Interfaces and APIs (29%), 2) Data Loss & Leakage (25%), 3) Hardware Failure (10%)
23Hyperjacking' in cloud computing
A theoretical attack where hackers gain control of huge stores of information through a single attack on large cloud servers storing data from hundreds or thousands of companies
24CLOUD Act
A law allowing United States authorities to request data from cloud providers, with courts able to impose nondisclosure requirements preventing providers from notifying affected users
25The CLOUD Act conflict with GDPR
GDPR Article 48 restricts transfer of personal data in response to foreign court orders unless based on an international agreement, creating competing legal obligations for providers
26Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Online services providing high-level APIs to abstract low-level details of underlying network infrastructure (physical computing resources, location, data partitioning, scaling, security, backup)
27Hypervisor in IaaS
Software that runs virtual machines as guests, with pools able to support large numbers of VMs and scale services up and down according to customer requirements
28What advantage do Linux containers offer over traditional virtualization?
Higher performance because there is no hypervisor overhead
29What Linux kernel technologies are used for containers?
cgroups and namespaces are used to isolate, secure, and manage containers
30What additional resources do IaaS clouds often offer?
Virtual-machine disk-image library, raw block storage, file/object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, VLANs, and software bundles