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Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry

129 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Heat, kinetics, and electrochemical reactions.

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Chemical thermodynamics

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1Chemical thermodynamics
The study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics
2Gibbs' most famous paper
On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances
3What term did Lewis and Randall replace 'chemical affinity' with?
Free energy (in the English-speaking world)
4Primary objective of chemical thermodynamics
Establishment of a criterion for determination of the feasibility or spontaneity of a given transformation
5Name the four primary state functions in chemical thermodynamics.
Internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and Gibbs free energy (G)
6First law of thermodynamics (universal form)
The energy of the universe is constant
7Second law of thermodynamics (universal form)
In any spontaneous process, there is always an increase in entropy of the universe
8Third law of thermodynamics
The entropy of a perfect crystal (well ordered) at 0 Kelvin is zero
9Chemical energy
The energy that can be released when chemical substances undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction
10What does breaking and making chemical bonds involve?
Energy release or uptake, often as heat that may be absorbed by or evolved from the chemical system
11Change in internal energy equal to
The heat change if measured under conditions of constant volume, as in a bomb calorimeter
12Heat change at constant pressure called
The enthalpy change
13Heat of combustion
The chemical energy released due to a combustion reaction, of interest in the study of fuels
14Chemical potential
The term used for the chemical potential energy in chemical thermodynamics
15Gibbs-Duhem equation used for
Relating chemical potential in thermodynamic systems
16What creates entropy in chemical systems?
Internal degrees of freedom and processes such as chemical reactions and phase transitions (unless at equilibrium)
17Bomb calorimeter
A closed rigid container used to measure heat change at constant volume
18Enthalpy of formation
The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states
19Gibbs function (G)
A thermodynamic potential that measures the maximum reversible work that may be performed by a system at constant temperature and pressure
20Fundamental equation for Gibbs free energy change
dG = -SdT + VdP + Σμᵢ dNᵢ
21Μᵢ in thermodynamics
The chemical potential for the i-th component in the system
22Under what conditions is dG particularly useful?
At constant temperature (T) and pressure (P), which are easy to achieve experimentally
23Extent of reaction
A progress variable ξ that represents the degree of advancement of a process
24Stoichiometric coefficient
The number that tells how many molecules of component i are produced or consumed (negative for reactants)
25Chemical affinity
The quantity ∂G/∂ξ, symbolized by A, introduced by Théophile de Donder in 1923
26What does a negative change in Gibbs free energy indicate?
A spontaneous change, where the chemical species have a positive affinity for each other
27What does dG equal at thermodynamic equilibrium?
Zero
28What happens to dG when chemical reactions proceed at a finite rate?
It is negative, producing entropy
29Entropy production
The creation of entropy due to irreversible processes in a system
30Isothermal process
A process that occurs at constant temperature