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Organic Chemistry: Structure & Nomenclature

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Functional groups, nomenclature and hydrocarbons.

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Organic chemistry

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  1. 1Organic chemistry
    A subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and materials (matter containing carbon atoms)
  2. 2What elements are most commonly found in organic compounds besides carbon and hydrogen?
    Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (in many biochemicals), and the halogens
  3. 3Organometallic chemistry
    The study of compounds containing carbon-metal bonds
  4. 4How many types of bonding patterns can carbon form?
    Four—formal single, double, and triple bonds, plus structures with delocalized electrons
  5. 5What commercial products are based on organic compounds?
    Pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, agrichemicals, lubricants, solvents, plastics, fuels, and explosives
  6. 6Concept of vitalism
    The belief that compounds from living organisms were endowed with a 'vital force' that distinguished them from inorganic compounds
  7. 7Wöhler synthesis
    The 1828 synthesis of urea (an organic compound from urine) from inorganic salts, the first laboratory synthesis of a substance thought to be organic
  8. 8What did Kekulé and Couper propose about carbon atoms?
    That tetravalent carbon atoms could link to each other to form a carbon lattice, and atomic bonding patterns could be discerned from chemical reactions
  9. 9What concept did Paul Ehrlich popularize?
    The concepts of 'magic bullet' drugs and of systematically improving drug therapies
  10. 10Total synthesis
    The multiple-step synthesis of complex organic compounds
  11. 11What complex molecules have been total synthesized?
    Glucose, terpineol, cholesterol, human hormones, lysergic acid, and vitamin B12
  12. 12Relationship between organic chemistry and biochemistry
    So close that biochemistry might be regarded as essentially a branch of organic chemistry
  13. 13Main chromatography techniques for assessing purity
    HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) and gas chromatography
  14. 14What traditional separation methods are used for organic compounds?
    Distillation, crystallization, evaporation, magnetic separation, and solvent extraction
  15. 15Most commonly used analytical technique in organic chemistry
    Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, often permitting complete assignment of atom connectivity and stereochemistry
  16. 16What NMR-responsive isotopes are principal in organic chemistry?
    ¹H (hydrogen) and ¹³C (carbon)
  17. 17What does elemental analysis determine?
    The elemental composition of a molecule (a destructive method)
  18. 18What does mass spectrometry indicate?
    The molecular weight of a compound and, from fragmentation patterns, its structure
  19. 19What can crystallography determine?
    Molecular geometry when a single crystal of the material is available
  20. 20Traditional spectroscopic methods used in organic chemistry
    Infrared spectroscopy, optical rotation, and UV/VIS spectroscopy
  21. 21What happens to organic compounds at high temperatures?
    Usually not very stable above 300°C, though some exceptions exist
  22. 22Para-dichlorobenzene
    A sublimable organic compound, the odiferous constituent of modern mothballs
  23. 23Are neutral organic compounds hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
    Tend to be hydrophobic (less soluble in water than in organic solvents)
  24. 24What organic compounds are exceptions to hydrophobic behavior?
    Compounds with ionizable groups, and low molecular weight alcohols, amines, and carboxylic acids (where hydrogen bonding occurs)
  25. 25What system stipulates systematic nomenclature?
    IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
  26. 26How does systematic nomenclature work?
    Starts with the parent structure name, then modified by prefixes, suffixes, and numbers to unambiguously convey the structure
  27. 27SMILES and InChI
    Machine-interpretable naming formats for organic compounds
  28. 28Line-angle formula
    A simple and unambiguous structural drawing where endpoints and intersections represent carbons, and hydrogens are implied
  29. 29Geneva rules
    Created in 1892 to address the chaos of multiple names for the same compound
  30. 30Functional group
    A molecular module whose reactivity is assumed to be the same across a variety of molecules within limits

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