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Organic Chemistry: Reactions & Compounds

125 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Reaction mechanisms and oxygen/nitrogen-containing compounds.

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Organic chemistry

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1Organic chemistry
A subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and materials containing carbon atoms
2Vitalism
The belief that compounds obtained from living organisms were endowed with a vital force that distinguished them from inorganic compounds
3Wöhler synthesis
The synthesis of urea (an organic compound) from inorganic starting materials (potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate)
4What did Kekulé and Couper propose about carbon atoms?
That tetravalent carbon atoms could link to each other to form a carbon lattice
5Perkin's mauve
The first synthetic organic dye, accidentally discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856 while trying to manufacture quinine
6First mass-produced synthetic drug
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), first manufactured by Bayer in the late 19th century
7Arsphenamine
The first effective medicinal treatment of syphilis, developed by Paul Ehrlich around 1910
8Total synthesis
The multiple-step synthesis of complex organic compounds from simpler starting materials
9Major achievement in total synthesis
The total synthesis of vitamin B12, which marked a major achievement in organic chemistry
10NMR spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the most commonly used technique for analyzing organic compounds
11What isotopes of carbon and hydrogen are NMR-responsive?
¹H (hydrogen) and ¹³C (carbon)
12Mass spectrometry used for in organic chemistry
To indicate the molecular weight of a compound and determine its structure from fragmentation patterns
13Crystallography useful for
Determining molecular geometry when a single crystal of the material is available
14Para-dichlorobenzene known for
It is a sublimable organic compound that is the odiferous constituent of modern mothballs
15Are neutral organic compounds typically hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic - they are less soluble in water than in organic solvents
16Functional group
A molecular module whose reactivity is assumed to be the same in a variety of molecules
17What subunit do all alcohols have?
C-O-H
18Carboxyl functional group
-COOH, the functional group present in carboxylic acids like acetic acid
19Alkanes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons without any double or triple bonds, containing only C-C and C-H single bonds
20Alkenes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons that contain one or more double bonds
21Alkynes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons which have one or more triple bonds
22Smallest cycloalkane
Cyclopropane ((CH2)3), a three-membered ring
23Benzene
One of the simplest and most stable aromatic compounds, containing conjugated double bonds
24Aromaticity
A property conferred by the presence of 4n + 2 delocalized pi electrons in a cyclic compound, where n is an integer
25Antiaromaticity
Particular instability conferred by the presence of 4n conjugated pi electrons
26Heterocycle
A ring where a heteroatom (usually oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen) is a member of the ring itself
27Examples of aromatic heterocycles
Pyridine and furan
28Examples of alicyclic heterocycles
Piperidine and tetrahydrofuran
29Polycyclic compounds
Compounds where rings fuse with other rings on an edge
30Spiro compounds
Compounds where one atom (usually carbon) has two bonds going to one ring and two to another