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Modern & Contemporary Philosophy

132 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Philosophy from the Renaissance through the 20th and 21st centuries.

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What period does medieval philosophy cover?

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1What period does medieval philosophy cover?
Roughly from the fall of Rome (5th century) to the Renaissance (15th century)
2Augustine of Hippo
A Christian philosopher (354-430 CE) who synthesized Christian doctrine with Neoplatonic philosophy
3Boethius
A Roman philosopher (472-524 CE) who wrote 'The Consolation of Philosophy' and transmitted Greek philosophy to medieval Europe
4Scholasticism
A medieval philosophical method combining Christian theology with Aristotelian logic
5Anselm of Canterbury
A medieval philosopher (1033-1109) known for the ontological argument for God's existence
6Peter Abelard
A medieval philosopher (1079-1142) known for his work on logic and ethics
7Thomas Aquinas
A medieval philosopher and theologian (1225-1274) who synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology
8Five Ways
Thomas Aquinas's five arguments for the existence of God
9William of Ockham
A medieval philosopher (c. 1287-1347) known for Ockham's Razor: the simplest explanation is usually the best
10Ockham's Razor
The principle that entities should not be multiplied without necessity; simpler explanations are preferable
11Duns Scotus
A medieval philosopher (c. 1266-1308) known for his subtle distinctions and emphasis on the will
12Averroes (Ibn Rushd)
An Islamic philosopher (1126-1198) who wrote extensive commentaries on Aristotle
13Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
A Persian philosopher and physician (980-1037) who synthesized Aristotelian and Islamic thought
14Maimonides
A Jewish philosopher (1138-1204) who reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with Jewish theology
15When does modern philosophy begin?
Traditionally with René Descartes in the early 17th century
16Renaissance humanism
A cultural movement emphasizing human dignity, classical learning, and individual potential
17Niccolò Machiavelli
A Renaissance political philosopher (1469-1527) who wrote 'The Prince,' emphasizing pragmatic statecraft
18Michel de Montaigne
A Renaissance philosopher (1533-1592) known for developing the essay form and promoting skepticism
19Francis Bacon
An English philosopher (1561-1626) who developed the scientific method and empiricism
20René Descartes
A French philosopher (1596-1650) considered the father of modern philosophy, known for 'I think, therefore I am'
21Cogito ergo sum
'I think, therefore I am'—Descartes' foundational statement proving his own existence through doubt
22Cartesian dualism
Descartes' view that mind and body are two distinct substances
23Rationalism
The philosophical view that knowledge comes primarily from reason and innate ideas rather than experience
24Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
Major Rationalists
25Baruch Spinoza
A Dutch rationalist philosopher (1632-1677) who developed a pantheistic monism identifying God with Nature
26Gottfried Leibniz
A German rationalist philosopher (1646-1716) who developed the theory of monads and optimism
27Empiricism
The philosophical view that knowledge comes primarily or only from sensory experience
28John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume
Major Empiricists
29John Locke
A British empiricist (1632-1704) who argued the mind is a 'blank slate' (tabula rasa) shaped by experience
30George Berkeley
An Irish empiricist (1685-1753) who argued that to be is to be perceived (esse est percipi)