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Ancient Philosophy

77 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Pre-Socratic, Greek and Hellenistic philosophy.

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Axial Age

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  1. 1Axial Age
    An intense period of philosophical development (7th-3rd century BCE) when major philosophical traditions emerged simultaneously in different cultures
  2. 2Thales
    A pre-Socratic philosopher (c. 624-546 BCE) from the Milesian School, considered one of the first Greek philosophers
  3. 3Pythagoras
    A Greek philosopher (582-496 BCE) who founded Pythagoreanism, emphasizing mathematics and the immortality of the soul
  4. 4Heraclitus
    A pre-Socratic philosopher (535-475 BCE) known for the doctrine that everything is in constant flux ('you cannot step into the same river twice')
  5. 5Eleatic School
    A pre-Socratic school founded by Parmenides, emphasizing the unchanging nature of reality and the illusory nature of change
  6. 6Parmenides
    An Eleatic philosopher (510-440 BCE) who argued that reality is one, unchanging, and eternal
  7. 7Zeno of Elea
    A philosopher (490-430 BCE) known for his paradoxes that challenged concepts of motion and plurality
  8. 8Empedocles
    A pluralist philosopher (490-430 BCE) who proposed that all matter consists of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water
  9. 9Democritus
    An atomist philosopher (460-370 BCE) who proposed that reality consists of indivisible atoms moving in void
  10. 10A group of itinerant teachers in ancient Greece who taught rhetoric and relativism, often criticized by Socrates and Plato
    Sophists
  11. 11Protagoras
    A sophist (490-420 BCE) famous for the statement 'Man is the measure of all things'
  12. 12Socrates
    An Athenian philosopher (469-399 BCE) who developed the Socratic method and emphasized virtue and knowledge; teacher of Plato
  13. 13Socratic method
    A form of inquiry through questioning that aims to stimulate critical thinking and expose contradictions in beliefs
  14. 14Plato
    A Greek philosopher (428-347 BCE), student of Socrates, who founded the Academy and developed the theory of Forms
  15. 15Plato's theory of Forms
    The doctrine that abstract perfect entities (Forms or Ideas) exist beyond the physical world and are the true reality
  16. 16Plato's Allegory of the Cave
    A metaphor illustrating how most people live in ignorance, perceiving only shadows of reality until enlightened
  17. 17Aristotle
    A Greek philosopher (384-322 BCE), student of Plato, who founded the Lyceum and made contributions to logic, ethics, politics, and natural science
  18. 18Aristotle's concept of the Four Causes
    Material, formal, efficient, and final causes—four types of explanation for why things exist or occur
  19. 19Aristotle's Golden Mean
    The ethical principle that virtue lies between extremes of excess and deficiency
  20. 20Stoicism
    A Hellenistic philosophy teaching that virtue, wisdom, and living in accordance with nature lead to happiness
  21. 21Stoic concept of living according to nature
    Accepting what happens as part of the rational order of the universe and focusing on what is within one's control
  22. 22Epictetus
    A Stoic philosopher (55-135 CE) who taught that we should focus on what we can control and accept what we cannot
  23. 23Marcus Aurelius
    A Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher (121-180 CE) who wrote 'Meditations'
  24. 24Seneca
    A Roman Stoic philosopher and statesman (4 BCE-65 CE) who wrote on ethics and virtue
  25. 25Epicureanism
    A Hellenistic philosophy teaching that pleasure (especially tranquility and freedom from fear) is the highest good
  26. 26Ataraxia
    A state of serene calmness and freedom from anxiety, the goal of Epicurean philosophy
  27. 27Cynicism in ancient philosophy
    A school teaching that virtue is the only good and that it consists in living simply in accordance with nature
  28. 28Diogenes of Sinope
    A Cynic philosopher (400-325 BCE) known for living in a barrel and his contempt for social conventions
  29. 29Skepticism in ancient philosophy
    The philosophical position that certainty in knowledge is impossible and one should suspend judgment
  30. 30Pyrrho
    A Greek philosopher (365-275 BCE) considered the founder of Pyrrhonism, a form of radical skepticism

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