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Medical Anatomy: Upper & Lower Limbs

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Bones, joints, muscles and vasculature of the arms and legs.

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Musculoskeletal system

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  1. 1Musculoskeletal system
    An organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems; provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body
  2. 2What components make up the musculoskeletal system?
    Bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together
  3. 3How many bones does a human adult skeleton have?
    206 bones on average (humans are born with over 300 bones, but many fuse together during development)
  4. 4Three types of muscle tissue
    Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle
  5. 5Tendon
    A tough, flexible band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones; transmits forces from muscle contractions to bones
  6. 6Ligament
    A small band of dense, white, fibrous elastic tissue that connects the ends of bones together to form a joint; limits dislocation and prevents certain movements
  7. 7Joint
    A structure that connects individual bones and may allow bones to move against each other to cause movement
  8. 8Synovial fluid
    A lubricating solution produced by synovial membranes that lowers friction between articular surfaces in joints
  9. 9Bursa
    A small fluid-filled sac made of white fibrous tissue and lined with synovial membrane; provides a cushion between bones and tendons or muscles around a joint
  10. 10Bones of the upper limb
    Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (8), metacarpals (5), and phalanges (14 per hand)
  11. 11Clavicle
    The collarbone; an S-shaped bone connecting the sternum to the scapula
  12. 12Scapula
    The shoulder blade; a flat triangular bone on the posterior thorax that articulates with the humerus and clavicle
  13. 13Glenoid cavity
    A shallow socket on the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
  14. 14Humerus
    The bone of the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow
  15. 15Radius and ulna
    The two bones of the forearm; the radius is on the lateral (thumb) side, and the ulna is on the medial (pinky) side
  16. 16Carpal bones
    Eight small bones of the wrist arranged in two rows: proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) and distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate)
  17. 17Metacarpals
    The five bones of the palm of the hand, numbered 1-5 from thumb to pinky
  18. 18Phalanges of the hand
    The bones of the fingers; each finger has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) except the thumb which has two
  19. 19Shoulder joint
    A ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula; the most mobile joint in the body
  20. 20Elbow joint
    A hinge joint formed by the humerus, radius, and ulna; allows flexion and extension of the forearm
  21. 21Wrist joint
    A complex joint formed by the radius, ulna, and carpal bones; allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the hand
  22. 22What muscles move the shoulder?
    Deltoid, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis), pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and serratus anterior
  23. 23Deltoid muscle
    A large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder that abducts, flexes, and extends the arm
  24. 24Rotator cuff
    A group of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) that stabilize the shoulder joint
  25. 25Biceps brachii
    A two-headed muscle on the anterior upper arm that flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm
  26. 26Triceps brachii
    A three-headed muscle on the posterior upper arm that extends the elbow
  27. 27Brachialis
    A muscle deep to the biceps that is the primary flexor of the elbow
  28. 28What muscles flex the wrist and fingers?
    Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus
  29. 29What muscles extend the wrist and fingers?
    Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, and extensor indicis
  30. 30Brachial plexus
    A network of nerves formed from C5-T1 spinal nerves that innervates the upper limb

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