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Judaism Basics

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The core beliefs and history of Judaism.

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Judaism

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1Judaism
An Abrahamic, monotheistic, ethnic religion comprising the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jewish people
2The Hebrew word 'Torah'
Teaching, law, or instruction - refers to the Five Books of Moses and more broadly to Jewish text and teaching
3Three main divisions of the Hebrew Bible
Torah (Teaching), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings)
4Tanakh
The Hebrew Bible - an acronym of Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim (its three divisions)
5Abraham, who made a covenant with God that included circumcision as a sign
Considered the patriarch and founder of Judaism
6Covenant in Judaism
A sacred agreement between God and the Jewish people, beginning with Abraham and renewed through Moses
7Moses
The greatest prophet in Judaism who led the Hebrews out of Egyptian slavery and received the commandments at Mount Sinai
8Exodus
The escape of the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt, led by Moses after God inflicted ten plagues on Egypt
9What happened at Mount Sinai?
God bestowed the commandments, laws, and teachings to Moses, forming the moral foundation of the Israelite community
10Ten Commandments
Fundamental moral laws given by God to Moses at Mount Sinai, including prohibitions against murder, theft, and idolatry
11Difference between Written Torah and Oral Torah
Written Torah is the Five Books of Moses; Oral Torah refers to the Mishnah, Talmud, and halakhic Midrashim
12Mishnah
A compilation of the Oral Torah redacted around 200 CE by Judah ha-Nasi to preserve traditions in danger of being forgotten
13Talmud
A compilation of the Mishnah and Gemara (rabbinic commentaries) redacted over three centuries
14Two versions of the Talmud
The Jerusalem Talmud (compiled 4th century in Palestine) and the Babylonian Talmud (compiled in Babylonia)
15Halakha
Jewish law - the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Torah and rabbinic literature
16Midrash
Rabbinic interpretations and expositions of the Hebrew Bible
17Aggadah
Non-legal narrative material in the Talmud, including stories, legends, and ethical teachings
18Rabbi
A Jewish religious teacher and leader who interprets Jewish texts and law
19Synagogue
A Jewish house of worship and community center
20Shabbat
The Jewish day of rest observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening, commemorating God's rest after creation
21Passover (Pesach)
A major Jewish holiday commemorating the Exodus from Egypt and God's sparing of Israelite firstborns
22Yom Kippur
The Day of Atonement - the holiest day in Judaism, devoted to fasting, prayer, and repentance
23Rosh Hashanah
The Jewish New Year, marking the beginning of the High Holy Days and a time for reflection and judgment
24Hanukkah
The Festival of Lights commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple and the miracle of the oil lasting eight days
25Bar Mitzvah
A coming-of-age ceremony when a Jewish boy (age 13) becomes responsible for observing Jewish commandments
26Bat Mitzvah
A coming-of-age ceremony when a Jewish girl (age 12 or 13) becomes responsible for observing Jewish commandments
27Brit milah
The covenant of circumcision performed on male infants on the eighth day after birth
28Kosher
Food that conforms to Jewish dietary laws (kashrut), including prohibitions on pork and shellfish
29Star of David
A six-pointed star and prominent symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity
30Menorah
A seven-branched candelabrum used in ancient Temple worship and a symbol of Judaism