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Common Diseases: Cardiovascular & Respiratory

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Heart and lung diseases: causes, mechanisms and key clinical facts.

medicinediseasescardiovascularrespiratory

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

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1Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Any disease involving the heart or blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and peripheral artery disease
2Leading causes of death worldwide
Cardiovascular diseases, causing 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015
3What percentage of CVD may be preventable?
Up to 90% of CVD may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided
4Coronary artery disease
Disease of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle, often caused by atherosclerosis
5Angina pectoris
Chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
6Myocardial infarction
A heart attack - death of heart muscle tissue due to blocked blood supply
7Heart failure
A clinical syndrome where the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic requirements
8Atherosclerosis
Buildup of plaque (fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste) in arterial walls, narrowing the arteries
9Hypertension
High blood pressure, defined as consistently elevated arterial pressure (≥140/90 mmHg)
10Stroke
Interruption of blood supply to the brain, causing brain cell death and neurological damage
11Two main types of stroke
Ischemic stroke (blocked blood vessel) and hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in the brain)
12Peripheral artery disease
Disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs, usually caused by atherosclerosis
13Cardiomyopathy
Disease of the cardiac muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood
14Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm - the heart beats too fast, too slow, or irregularly
15Rheumatic heart disease
Heart damage (muscles and valves) caused by rheumatic fever following untreated strep throat
16Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart (endocardium), most commonly affecting heart valves
17Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium), most often caused by viral infection
18Congenital heart disease
Heart structure malformations present at birth
19Valvular heart disease
Disease affecting one or more heart valves, causing them to become narrowed (stenosis) or leaky (regurgitation)
20Aortic aneurysm
An abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of the aorta
21Major modifiable risk factors for CVD
High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption
22Major non-modifiable risk factors for CVD
Age, sex, family history/genetics, and ethnicity
23How much does smoking increase CVD risk?
Smoking accounts for approximately 9% of CVD deaths, but quitting by age 30 nearly eliminates the excess risk
24How does physical activity reduce CVD risk?
150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week reduces ischemic heart disease and diabetes risk by almost one-third
25HDL cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein - 'good' cholesterol that helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream
26LDL cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein - 'bad' cholesterol that can build up in artery walls and form plaque
27Role of aspirin in CVD prevention
Aspirin reduces blood clot formation; used in secondary prevention and some high-risk primary prevention cases
28Beta blockers used for
Medications that reduce heart rate and blood pressure, used to treat hypertension, angina, and after heart attacks
29Statins
Medications that lower cholesterol levels by blocking an enzyme the liver needs to make cholesterol
30Mediterranean diet
A diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, and fish, associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes