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Clinical Nutrition & Diets

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Therapeutic diets and clinical nutrition concepts.

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Clinical nutrition

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  1. 1Clinical nutrition
    The prevention, diagnosis, and management of nutritional changes in patients linked to chronic diseases and conditions primarily in healthcare settings
  2. 2What does 'clinical' refer to in clinical nutrition?
    The management of patients, including outpatients at clinics and in private practice, as well as inpatients in hospitals
  3. 3What scientific fields does clinical nutrition primarily incorporate?
    Nutrition and dietetics
  4. 4Main goals of clinical nutrition
    To maintain a healthy energy balance while providing sufficient amounts of nutrients such as protein, vitamins, and minerals to patients
  5. 5Preferred route of administration for nutrition
    Oral administration, if possible
  6. 6Alternative routes of nutrition administration
    Enteral administration (nasogastric feeding) and intravenous (parenteral nutrition)
  7. 7Nasogastric feeding
    A form of enteral administration where nutrition is delivered through a tube inserted through the nose into the stomach
  8. 8Parenteral nutrition
    Intravenous delivery of nutrition, bypassing the digestive system entirely
  9. 9Main causes of clinical malnutrition
    Cachexia caused by diseases, injuries, and/or aging; and difficulties with ingestion such as stroke, paresis, dementia, depression, or dysphagia
  10. 10Cachexia
    A complex syndrome causing weight loss, muscle atrophy, and weakness due to diseases, injuries, and/or aging
  11. 11Dysphagia
    Difficulty swallowing, which can cause malnutrition by preventing adequate food intake
  12. 12Iatrogenic factors in clinical malnutrition
    The inability of a healthcare entity to appropriately compensate for causes of malnutrition
  13. 13What criteria define severe undernutrition?
    BMI <18.5 kg/m² and/or >5% unintentional weight loss in the past month and/or ≥10% unintentional weight loss in the past 6 months (meeting at least one criterion)
  14. 14What criteria define moderate undernutrition?
    BMI 20.1–22 kg/m² and/or 5-10% unintentional weight loss in the past six months (meeting at least one criterion)
  15. 15Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)
    The use of specific nutrition services to treat an illness, injury, or condition
  16. 16What does MNT involve?
    Assessment of nutritional status and actual treatment including nutrition therapy, counseling, and use of specialized nutrition supplements
  17. 17Role of MNT in chronic disease management
    To reduce the risk of developing complications in pre-existing conditions such as type 2 diabetes and ameliorate effects of existing conditions like high cholesterol
  18. 18Diabetes self-management training (DSMT)
    An education and training program by a healthcare professional, similar to MNT but focused on education rather than a personal treatment plan
  19. 19Example of MNT application in type 2 diabetes
    The use of macronutrient preload
  20. 20Macronutrient preload
    A dietary strategy used in type 2 diabetes management where specific macronutrients are consumed before meals to improve glucose control
  21. 21Is Medical Nutrition meant to replace disease treatment?
    No, it is meant to complement the normal use of drug therapies prescribed by physicians and other licensed healthcare providers
  22. 22How is a Medical Food defined by the FDA?
    A food formulated to be consumed or administered enterally under physician supervision, intended for specific dietary management of a disease or condition with distinctive nutritional requirements
  23. 23FDA legal basis for Medical Food definition
    Section 5(b) of the Orphan Drug Act (21 U.S.C. 30ee (b)(3))
  24. 24What advantage does medical nutrition have for diabetes treatment?
    It is often very effective in treating type 1 or type 2 diabetes
  25. 25How can medical nutrition help patients at any age?
    It can help people live better by optimizing their nutritional status according to their specific needs
  26. 26Disadvantage of medical nutrition regarding patient compliance
    A patient may need to follow a strict diet to see benefits while using a medical nutrition plan
  27. 27Financial disadvantage of medical nutrition
    Some forms of medical nutrition can be very expensive, which poor patients may not be able to afford
  28. 28Highest-ranked journal in ISI's nutrition category
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  29. 29European organization for clinical nutrition professionals
    European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN)
  30. 30Why do some patients require dietary supplementation?
    Circumstances such as disease, distress, or stress may prevent the body from obtaining sufficient nutrients through diets alone

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