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Political Systems & Regime Types

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How political systems are classified, from bands and chiefdoms to modern democracies and hybrid regimes.

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Political system

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  1. 1Political system
    The form of political organization that can be observed, recognized or declared by a society or state; defines the process for making official government decisions
  2. 2Three main types of political systems according to Juan José Linz
    Democracies, totalitarian regimes, and authoritarian regimes (with hybrid regimes in between)
  3. 3Band society
    A small family group, no larger than an extended family or clan, consisting of no more than 30 to 50 individuals
  4. 4What distinguishes a tribe from a band society?
    Tribes are generally larger, consisting of many families, with more social institutions such as a chief or elders, and are more permanent than bands
  5. 5Chiefdom
    A political system more complex than a tribe but less complex than a state, characterized by pervasive inequality and centralization of authority under a single ruling lineage
  6. 6Sovereign state
    A state with a permanent population, a defined territory, a government and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states
  7. 7Supranational political systems
    Political systems created by independent nations to reach a common goal or gain strength from forming an alliance
  8. 8Empire in political terms
    A widespread state consisting of people of different ethnicities under a single rule
  9. 9Leagues in political systems
    International organizations composed of states coming together for a single common purpose, often formed on the brink of military or economic downfall
  10. 10According to David Easton, what is a political system?
    "The interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society"
  11. 11Democracy
    A political system where citizens participate in decision-making, typically through elected representatives and regular elections
  12. 12Authoritarian regime
    A political system characterized by non-acceptance of conflict and plurality, will to preserve status quo, close control by a strong central power, and erosion of the rule of law
  13. 13Totalitarian regime
    A political system with extreme centralization of power that seeks to control all aspects of public and private life
  14. 14Dictatorship
    A form of government typically classified as either authoritarian or totalitarian, with power concentrated in one person or small group
  15. 15Monarchy
    A hereditary form of government in which political power is legally passed on to family members of the monarch, a head of state who rules for life
  16. 16How can monarchs gain power?
    Through specific succession laws (hereditary) or via election (elective monarchy)
  17. 17What happened to monarchies in the 19th and 20th centuries?
    After reaching a peak in the mid-19th century, the proportion of monarchies steadily declined, with republics replacing many, especially after World Wars I and II
  18. 18Hybrid regime
    A political system with a combination of autocratic and democratic features, often created as a result of incomplete democratic transition
  19. 19Characteristics of hybrid regimes
    They simultaneously hold political repressions and regular elections, with decorative democratic institutions that don't lead to real change of power
  20. 20Where are hybrid regimes commonly found?
    In developing countries with abundant natural resources such as petro-states
  21. 21Competitive authoritarianism
    A type of hybrid regime where democratic institutions exist but are skewed in favor of the ruling party
  22. 22Electoral authoritarianism
    A hybrid regime where elections are held but manipulated to ensure the ruling party remains in power
  23. 23Illiberal democracy
    A type of hybrid regime with democratic elections but lacking liberal protections for individual rights and rule of law
  24. 24Delegative democracy
    A type of hybrid regime where elected leaders claim to represent the will of the people but govern with few constraints
  25. 25When did hybrid regimes become more prevalent?
    Since the end of the Cold War
  26. 26Democratic backsliding
    A transition away from democracy toward authoritarianism, considered the most prevalent basis of hybrid regimes
  27. 27Decorative nature of democratic institutions in hybrid regimes
    Elections don't lead to change of power, different media broadcast government views, and opposition in parliament votes like the ruling party
  28. 28How stable are hybrid regimes?
    They may be relatively stable and tenacious for decades at a time despite experiencing civil unrest
  29. 29Defective democracy
    Another term for hybrid regimes where democratic procedures exist but are flawed or incomplete
  30. 30Semi-authoritarianism
    A type of hybrid regime with some authoritarian characteristics but also limited democratic elements

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