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Human Rights: Treaties & Institutions

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The UN and regional treaties and bodies that protect human rights worldwide.

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International Human Rights Law (IHRL)

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  1. 1International Human Rights Law (IHRL)
    The body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels, primarily made up of treaties and customary international law
  2. 2Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
    A UN General Assembly declaration adopted in 1948 that does not create binding law but has become an authoritative human rights reference and evidence of customary international law
  3. 3Two main covenants in the International Bill of Human Rights
    The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), both adopted in 1966
  4. 4When was the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide adopted?
    Adopted in 1948 and entered into force in 1951
  5. 5Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951)
    A convention adopted in 1951 and entered into force in 1954 to protect refugees and define their rights
  6. 6CERD
    Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969
  7. 7When did the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) enter into force?
    1981
  8. 8United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT)
    A convention adopted in 1984 and entered into force in 1987 to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment
  9. 9When was the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) adopted and when did it enter into force?
    Adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1990
  10. 10CRPD
    The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which entered into force on May 3, 2008
  11. 11When did the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance enter into force?
    Adopted in 2006 and entered into force in 2010
  12. 12Three key regional human rights instruments
    The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981/1986), American Convention on Human Rights (1969/1978), and European Convention on Human Rights (1950/1953)
  13. 13When was the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights established?
    In 1993, following the adoption of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
  14. 14When was the UN Commission on Human Rights replaced with the UN Human Rights Council?
    In 2006
  15. 15African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR)
    A quasi-judicial organ of the African Union tasked with promoting and protecting human rights, and interpreting the African Charter
  16. 16When did the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights come into effect?
    October 21, 1986, which is now celebrated as African Human Rights Day
  17. 17Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR)
    An autonomous organ of the OAS based in Washington D.C., which examines allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere
  18. 18When was the Inter-American Court of Human Rights established?
    In 1979, with the purpose of enforcing and interpreting the American Convention on Human Rights
  19. 19Two main functions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
    Adjudicatory (hearing and ruling on specific cases) and advisory (issuing opinions on matters of legal interpretation)
  20. 20When was the Council of Europe founded?
    In 1949, as the oldest organization working for European integration
  21. 21Where is the European Court of Human Rights located?
    In Strasbourg, France
  22. 22What makes the European Court of Human Rights unique?
    It is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals rather than states
  23. 23European Social Charter
    A Council of Europe treaty from 1961 (in force since 1965) containing a catalogue of economic, social and cultural rights
  24. 24Protocol of San Salvador
    An additional protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights (1988, in force since 1999) dealing with economic, social and cultural rights
  25. 25International Criminal Court's (ICC) jurisdiction
    Over the crimes of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
  26. 26Who is primarily responsible for enforcing international human rights law?
    The nation state - it is the primary responsibility of the state to make the human rights of its citizens a reality
  27. 27National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs)
    Institutions set up in over 110 countries to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country
  28. 28Paris Principles
    Standards defined in 1991 listing responsibilities for National Human Rights Institutions, adopted by UN in 1992 and 1993
  29. 29Universal jurisdiction
    A principle whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over people whose alleged crimes were committed outside their boundaries, regardless of nationality, for crimes considered crimes against all
  30. 30When was Belgium's law of universal jurisdiction passed?
    In 1993, to give its courts jurisdiction over crimes against humanity in other countries

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