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Pathology: Hematologic & Vascular Disorders

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Blood and blood vessel disorders.

medicinepathologyhematologyvascular

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Pathology

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  1. 1Pathology
    The study of disease, incorporating processes and tests that diagnose disease through analysis of tissue and cell samples
  2. 2Two main divisions of medical pathology practice
    Anatomical pathology (diagnosis based on tissue examination) and clinical pathology (diagnosis through laboratory analysis of bodily fluids)
  3. 3Hematopathology
    The study of diseases of blood cells (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) and the tissues and organs comprising the hematopoietic system
  4. 4What tissues and organs are included in the hematopoietic system?
    Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues
  5. 5What training is required to become a hematopathologist in the United States?
    General pathology residency (anatomic, clinical, or combined) plus an additional year of fellowship training in hematology, followed by board certification
  6. 6What types of specimens does a hematopathologist review?
    Biopsies of lymph nodes, bone marrows, and other tissues involved by an infiltrate of cells of the hematopoietic system
  7. 7What specialized tests may a hematopathologist perform?
    Flow cytometric studies and molecular hematopathology studies
  8. 8Erythroleukemia
    A type of leukemia characterized by abnormal erythroblasts that are multinucleated with megaloblastoid nuclear chromatin
  9. 9Clinical pathology
    A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on laboratory analysis of bodily fluids (blood, urine) and tissues using chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and molecular pathology
  10. 10Main components pathology addresses in disease study
    Cause, mechanisms of development (pathogenesis), structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and consequences of changes (clinical manifestations)
  11. 11Anatomical pathology
    A medical specialty concerned with diagnosis of disease based on gross, microscopic, chemical, immunologic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies
  12. 12Main subdivisions of anatomical pathology
    Surgical pathology, cytopathology, and forensic pathology
  13. 13Cytopathology
    A branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level, usually using samples of free cells or tissue fragments
  14. 14Bone marrow smear used to diagnose
    Hematologic conditions such as erythroleukemia, showing abnormal cell morphology like multinucleated erythroblasts
  15. 15What tools does clinical pathology primarily use?
    Chemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology, and molecular pathology tools including automated analyzers and cultures
  16. 16Histopathology
    The microscopic examination of tissue sections placed on glass slides after processing, used to diagnose disease
  17. 17Most common fixative used in histopathology
    Formalin, although frozen section fixing is also common
  18. 18Why is tissue staining performed in histopathology?
    To reveal cellular components; counterstains are used to provide contrast for microscopic examination
  19. 19Surgical pathology
    The gross and microscopic examination of surgical specimens and biopsies to render definitive diagnoses
  20. 20Two major types of specimens in surgical pathology
    Biopsies (small tissue samples for diagnosis) and surgical resections (entire diseased areas or organs removed)
  21. 21Core biopsy
    A biopsy obtained through large-bore needles, sometimes under radiological guidance (ultrasound, CT, or MRI)
  22. 22incisional vs excisional biopsies
    Incisional biopsies remove part of a suspicious lesion; excisional biopsies remove the entire lesion
  23. 23What role does the pathologist play in cancer diagnosis?
    Interpreting biopsies to establish if a tumor is benign or malignant, differentiating cancer types and grades, and determining molecular pathway activity
  24. 24Molecular pathology
    Study and diagnosis of disease through examination of molecules within organs, tissues, or bodily fluids using molecular and genetic approaches
  25. 25What diseases is molecular pathology commonly used to diagnose?
    Cancer (melanoma, brain tumors, etc.) and infectious diseases
  26. 26Some molecular pathology techniques
    Quantitative PCR (qPCR), multiplex PCR, DNA microarray, in situ hybridization, DNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and antimicrobial resistance gene analysis
  27. 27Immunopathology
    The study of an organism's immune response to infection, sometimes considered within clinical pathology
  28. 28Dermatopathology
    A subspecialty of anatomic pathology focusing on the skin and integumentary system, requiring 1-2 years of fellowship after general pathology or dermatology training
  29. 29Forensic pathology
    A specialty focusing on determining cause of death by post-mortem examination, typically performed by coroners or medical examiners during criminal investigations
  30. 30What methods do forensic pathologists use?
    Tissue specimen examination for disease, toxicology on body tissues/fluids for chemical causes, and examination of physical trauma

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