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Pathology: Cellular Injury, Inflammation & Neoplasia

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Cell injury, inflammation and tumor pathology.

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Pathology

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  1. 1Pathology
    The study of disease, including causes, mechanisms of development (pathogenesis), structural alterations of cells, and clinical consequences
  2. 2Four components of disease that pathology addresses
    Cause (etiology), mechanisms of development (pathogenesis), structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and consequences of changes (clinical manifestations)
  3. 3Pathogenesis
    The mechanisms of development of disease
  4. 4Morphologic changes in pathology
    Structural alterations of cells caused by disease processes
  5. 5Cytopathology
    A branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level, usually using samples of free cells or tissue fragments
  6. 6cytopathology vs histopathology
    Cytopathology uses free cells or tissue fragments, while histopathology studies whole tissues in sections
  7. 7Smear test in pathology
    A cytopathologic test where cell samples are smeared across a glass microscope slide for staining and microscopic examination
  8. 8Biopsy
    A small piece of tissue removed primarily for pathological analysis to render a definitive diagnosis
  9. 9Immunohistochemistry
    A technique using antibodies to detect specific proteins in tissue sections for pathological diagnosis
  10. 10Immunofluorescence
    A technique that uses fluorescent-labeled antibodies to detect specific antigens in tissue samples
  11. 11Flow cytometry
    A technique used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a fluid stream
  12. 12an incisional vs excisional biopsy
    Incisional biopsies remove part of a suspicious lesion, while excisional biopsies remove the entire lesion
  13. 13Core biopsy
    A biopsy obtained through the use of large-bore needles, sometimes under radiological guidance (ultrasound, CT, or MRI)
  14. 14Neoplasia
    The process of abnormal and excessive cell growth leading to the formation of neoplasms (tumors)
  15. 15Neoplasm
    An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should (a tumor)
  16. 16benign vs malignant tumors
    Benign tumors do not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors (cancers) can invade and metastasize
  17. 17Metastasis
    The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites in the body through blood or lymphatic systems
  18. 18Cancer grading
    The assessment of how abnormal cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly they are likely to grow and spread
  19. 19Cancer staging
    The process of determining the extent of cancer spread in the body, usually based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis
  20. 20Inflammation
    The body's protective response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
  21. 21Cardinal signs of inflammation
    Redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa)
  22. 22Acute inflammation
    A rapid, short-term inflammatory response characterized by increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and neutrophil infiltration
  23. 23Chronic inflammation
    A prolonged inflammatory response lasting weeks to years, characterized by lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration and tissue repair attempts
  24. 24Cellular injury
    Damage to cells caused by various stresses including hypoxia, toxins, infections, physical trauma, or immune reactions
  25. 25Necrosis
    Uncontrolled cell death due to injury, characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammatory response
  26. 26Apoptosis
    Programmed cell death - a controlled process of cellular self-destruction that does not cause inflammation
  27. 27necrosis vs apoptosis
    Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury with inflammation, while apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation
  28. 28Hypoxia
    A condition where tissues receive insufficient oxygen supply, leading to cellular injury
  29. 29Ischemia
    Reduced blood flow to a tissue or organ, resulting in oxygen deprivation and cellular injury
  30. 30Infarction
    Tissue death (necrosis) due to prolonged ischemia (lack of blood supply)

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