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Neuro & Endocrine Physiology

103 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Nervous system signaling and hormonal regulation.

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Neurophysiology

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1Neurophysiology
A branch of physiology and neuroscience concerned with the functions of the nervous system and their mechanisms
2What does the term 'neurophysiology' originate from?
Greek: νεῦρον (neuron, meaning 'nerve') and physiology (from φύσις meaning 'nature' and -λογία meaning 'knowledge')
3What levels of nervous system function does neurophysiology study?
All levels: from molecules and cells to systems and whole organisms
4EEG
Electroencephalography - a technique to record electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp
5Single cell recording
An electrophysiological technique used to measure the electrical activity of individual neurons
6Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
A neuroimaging technique that measures the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain, sometimes used in place of EEG
7Optogenetics
A technique that allows specific activation of neurons using light to study their functions
8Chemogenetics
A technique that allows specific activation of neurons using chemical compounds to study their functions
9Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A neuroimaging technique that measures metabolic changes in the brain by detecting changes in blood flow
10Edwin Smith Papyrus and when was it written
An ancient Egyptian surgical papyrus written in 1700 B.C. that provided crucial understanding of how ancient Egyptians understood the nervous system through case studies of head injuries
11What did Hippocrates (460 B.C.) theorize about epilepsy?
That epilepsy had its origins in the brain, and that the brain was involved in sensation and intelligence
12What did Erasistratus of Chios theorize in 280 B.C.?
That there were divisions in vestibular processing in the brain, and that sensation was located there
13What did Galen theorize in 177 A.D.?
That human thought occurred in the brain, as opposed to the heart as Aristotle had theorized
14First text to use the English term 'psychology'
David Hartley's 'Observations on Man' published in 1749
15Phrenology
A faulty science studied by Franz Joseph Gall in 1808 that looked at head shape to determine aspects of personality and brain function
16Bell-Magendie law
A discovery by Charles Bell (1811) and F. Magendie (1824) comparing functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord, distinguishing between motor and sensory nerves
17What did Camillo Golgi discover in the 1870s?
That all nerve cells in the nervous system form a continuous, interconnected network
18Nernst equation used for in neurophysiology
To calculate the resting potential across the membrane, first introduced by Julius Bernstein in neurophysiology
19Brodmann areas
52 distinct regions of the cerebral cortex defined by German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann in 1909 based on brain mapping
20Sensory homunculus
A distorted representation of the human body based on the neurological 'map' of brain regions and their response to sensory stimuli, developed by Edgar Adrian
21Cortical homunculus
A representation of the body in the brain created by Wilder Penfield and colleagues Edwin Baldry and Theodore Rasmussen
22Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to reorganize itself through cortical reorganization, such as grey matter thickness increasing after training
23Neuropixels probes
Advanced recording devices using CMOS fabrication to track the spiking of thousands of individual neurons over extended timescales (milliseconds to months)
24Shadow imaging method
A technique that uses standard light microscopy with fluorescence labeling of interstitial fluid in the brain's extracellular space to observe neurons, microglia, tumor cells, and blood capillaries
25Action potential
A rapid electrical signal that travels along a neuron's axon, resulting from changes in membrane permeability to ions
26Resting potential
The electrical potential difference across a neuron's membrane when the cell is not actively transmitting signals
27Myelin sheath
A protective covering around neuronal axons made of Schwann cells that enables faster signal transmission
28Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another
29Synaptic plasticity
The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity
30Substantia nigra
A black-colored structure in the midbrain involved in motor control and reward, first described by Vicq-d'Azyr (1784) and named by von Sömmerring (1791)