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First Aid: Common Injuries & Poisoning

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Managing wounds, fractures, burns and poisoning.

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First aid

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  1. 1First aid
    The first and immediate assistance given to any person with a medical emergency, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery until medical services arrive
  2. 2Three Ps of first aid
    Preserve life, Prevent further harm, and Promote recovery
  3. 3Five general steps associated with first aid
    1) Assess the surrounding areas, 2) Move to a safe surrounding, 3) Call for help, 4) Perform suitable first aid, 5) Evaluate the casualty for fatal signs
  4. 4What does ABCDE stand for in first aid protocols?
    Airway (clearing airways), Breathing (ensuring respiration), Circulation (ensuring cardiac output), Disability (neurological condition), Exposure (overall examination)
  5. 5CsABCDE protocol
    An improved ABCDE protocol that adds: catastrophic bleeding (stopping massive external bleedings urgently) and spine protection (careful preventive treatment for spinal injuries)
  6. 6What does CABD stand for in CPR protocols?
    Circulation/Chest Compressions, Airway (open the airway), Breathing/Rescue Breaths, Defibrillation (use of AED)
  7. 7Cardiac arrest
    The complete stop of heart function
  8. 8Bleeding or hemorrhage
    The escape of blood from veins or arteries
  9. 9Choking
    The obstruction of breathing caused by a blockage in the respiratory tract
  10. 10Hyperglycemia
    A condition in which an excessive level of glucose is present in the blood
  11. 11Hypoglycemia
    A condition in which an excessively low level of glucose is present in the blood, typically occurring due to complications with medication in diabetic patients
  12. 12Myocardial infarction
    A heart attack - the sudden reduction in or lack of blood flow in one of the coronary arteries, causing tissue death due to inadequate blood supply
  13. 13Risk factors for myocardial infarctions
    Sedentary lifestyle, age (over 45 for men, 55 for women), tobacco and alcohol use, stress, obesity, high cholesterol, family history, and diabetes
  14. 14Stroke
    A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain caused by a burst or blocked artery
  15. 15Drowning in humans
    A type of suffocation caused by both the nose and mouth being submerged in liquid
  16. 16CPR
    Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - the method of first aid for treating victims of cardiac arrest (complete stop of heartbeat)
  17. 17Where should you check for a carotid pulse?
    By placing two fingers on either side of the neck (left or right), near the head
  18. 18How can you check the radial pulse?
    By placing two fingers on a wrist under the part of the thumb and applying moderate pressure
  19. 19How long should professional rescuers take to check a patient's condition?
    10 seconds
  20. 20Recovery position
    Laying the patient on their side, which helps clear the tongue from the pharynx and prevents choking on regurgitated stomach contents
  21. 21Agonal breathing
    Abnormal, gasping breathing that is not normal breathing and requires CPR intervention
  22. 22What anti-choking methods can be used?
    Back slaps, chest thrusts, or abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)
  23. 23How do you perform anti-choking methods for infants?
    Five strong blows on the infant's upper back after placing the infant's face in the aider's forearm; chest thrusts can also be applied with two fingers on the lower half of the chest
  24. 24AED
    Automated External Defibrillator - a device that can examine a heartbeat and produce electric shocks to restart the heart
  25. 25Why is rapid action necessary in cardiac arrest?
    Permanent brain damage sets in after five minutes of no oxygen delivery
  26. 26At what GCS level might a person be unable to maintain their own airway?
    A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of less than 8
  27. 27How should you open the airway if the tongue is blocking it?
    Hyperextend the head and pull up the chin so that the tongue lifts and clears the airway
  28. 28Universal first aid symbol
    A white cross on a green background
  29. 29Esmarch bandage
    A bandage designed by Friedrich von Esmarch, issued as standard to Prussian combatants with aide-memoire pictures showing common uses
  30. 30What historical figure publicized artificial respiration for drowning victims?
    Physician William Hawes, who began publicizing it in 1773

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