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Dutch Grammar Essentials

70 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Core Dutch grammar: word order, articles, verb tenses, plurals, and pronouns.

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Basic word order in Dutch subordinate clauses

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  1. 1Basic word order in Dutch subordinate clauses
    SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), e.g., 'dat hij zijn moeder wilde helpen' (that he his mother wanted to help)
  2. 2V2 rule in Dutch main clauses
    The finite verb moves to the second position, creating SVO or VSO order in main clauses
  3. 3How many genders does Dutch have
    Three grammatically (masculine, feminine, neuter), but often reduced to two in practice (common and neuter)
  4. 4Definite articles in Dutch
    de (for common/masculine/feminine nouns) and het (for neuter nouns)
  5. 5Indefinite article in Dutch
    een (used for all genders in singular; no indefinite article in plural)
  6. 6Plural typically formed in Dutch
    By adding -en or -s (e.g., deur → deuren, tante → tantes)
  7. 7Give an example of a Dutch plural with vowel change
    dag (day) → dagen (days) - short vowel becomes long in plural
  8. 8Diminutive suffix in standard Dutch
    -tje (modified forms: -je, -etje, -pje, -kje depending on preceding sounds)
  9. 9Example: hond (dog) → diminutive
    hondje (little dog)
  10. 10What gender are all diminutives in Dutch
    Neuter (het), regardless of the original noun's gender
  11. 11Do cases still exist in modern Dutch
    No, cases have largely disappeared except in archaic/fixed expressions
  12. 12What replaced cases in modern Dutch
    Prepositions and word order (e.g., van for genitive, aan for dative)
  13. 13Adjectives take the -e ending
    When attributive (before noun) and definite, or with masculine/feminine/plural indefinite nouns
  14. 14Adjectives NOT take -e
    When indefinite + neuter singular, or when predicative (after verb)
  15. 15Example: een klein huis vs. een kleine man
    klein (neuter singular indefinite) vs. kleine (masculine/common gender)
  16. 16Partitive form of adjectives
    Adjectives take -s after indefinite pronouns: iets interessants (something interesting)
  17. 17Comparative formed
    Add -er (or -der after -r): groot → groter, duur → duurder
  18. 18Superlative formed
    Add -st (or -t to partitive): groot → grootst, duur → duurst
  19. 19Irregular comparative: goed →
    goed → beter → best (good, better, best)
  20. 20Subject pronouns (informal singular)
    ik (I), jij/je (you), hij/ze/het (he/she/it)
  21. 21Object pronouns
    mij/me (me), jou/je (you), hem/'m, haar/'r, het/'t
  22. 22Formal 'you' in Dutch
    u (both singular and plural, both subject and object)
  23. 23Informal plural 'you'
    jullie (both subject and object)
  24. 24T-V distinction
    Formal (u) vs. informal (jij/jullie) second-person pronouns
  25. 25Third person plural: hun vs. hen
    Officially hun = indirect object, hen = direct object; in practice, both interchangeable (usually hun)
  26. 26Possessive determiners
    mijn (my), jouw (your), zijn (his/its), haar (her), ons/onze (our), jullie (your pl.), hun (their)
  27. 27'ons' inflect —
    ons (with neuter nouns), onze (with common/plural nouns): ons huis, onze huizen
  28. 28Proximal demonstratives (this/these)
    dit (neuter sing.), deze (common sing. & all plural)
  29. 29Distal demonstratives (that/those)
    dat (neuter sing.), die (common sing. & all plural)
  30. 30Pronominal adverbs
    Combination of adverb + preposition replacing pronoun + preposition (e.g., erop, daarmee, waaraan)

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